Interpretation is quite specialized, especially the conference interpretation. In the early years of interpretation, people just simply believed that it is possible for an interpreter to translate the source language into the target language soon if he is quick in thought and has excellent command of the two languages. But in practice, people find the process of interpretation is not as simple as they expected. Only code transformation without comprehension would lead to an obscure version which is hard to understand. Just as Danica Seleskovitch mentioned that in the process of interpreting, comprehension of source language information should be put into a prior position while the information transmission in target language comes last. So the key point is to transmit what the speaker means to the audience accurately and clearly so as to assure the success of communication. People always have some expectation for interpretation in high quality. Since the quality of interpretation is subject to the influence of diverse factors, this thesis tends to probe into some of those factors from the aspects of spoken language, comprehension, memory, notes, and re-expression.
1. Spoken Language
Spoken language is the language carrier of interpretation. Actually "the concept of `colloquial language' concerning interpretation is just the outer form of the distinctive national symbol systems used by source or target languages. Thus it is not a concept of speech but a concept of language. That's to say, spoken language can not be equated with speech which refers to the use of spoken language; instead it is a sound natural symbol system for human communication but different from its later-comer--- written language. It follows its own regular ...
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..., ability of memorization, and so on, with regard to interpretation's internal mechanism and in reference to above analysis, all the matters including interpreters' mastering of working language, the unbalance between two languages, some vague understanding about source language distinguishing and comprehension, particular rules of human memorization, the methods of taking interpretation notes, as well as the distortion in re-expression of target language have direct influence on the quality of interpretation. In our teaching for interpretation as well as interpreters' vocational studies, if we have a better understanding about those factors restraining interpretation quality, no doubt, we can suit the remedy to the case and have a definite object in view; thus an all-round improvement in our teaching and interpreters' ability could be achieved in the near future.
Everyday there is something that one must interpret whether it is a book, movie, or even the news. One must come to one’s own conclusion about the information they are interpreting. For instance movies are mostly easier to understand then books though the plots may have slight differences.
Language is defined as the method of human communication either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words, in a structured or conventional way. Communication is the interaction or exchange of information or news(Webster, 2013).
People use language as a material object. Language is social in nature and language helps people to convey a message. Language is how humans communicate with each other. Language empowers, language makes the person’s needs known and language expresses what the person wants people to do. Language is how people interact and language makes a person’s identity, emotions and opinions known. Language helps a child to make sense of their world. Language helps older children to interact and belong to a group, Language also helps a child to understand the field, tenor and mode in situations, so that the child can critically evaluate and organize the
Communication between humans would not be possible without the development of language. Gee and Hayes (2011), states that Language is a physically present set of rules that are established cognitively and socially that guides groups of humans to communicate with each other (p. 6). Language can take the form of many types of communication. Language that is seen, also known as non-verbal communication can be described as written language, body language, gestures and Auslan (Grellier & Goerke, 2014, p. 220). Language that is heard, also known as oral language is the ability to communicate through speech (Gee & Hayes, 2011. p. 6). Oral language has been present amoung all humanity since the beginning of time, starting from one original language.
Interpreting is translating the meaning of spoken English into a complex network of signs that resemble the words and sentence structure used in the English language.(Legal Rights)
Meaning can be conceptualized from the perspective of verbal behavior via thinking of meaning as a function of verbal behaviors. Ultimately, the utterance has a use and a following
Language refers to the method that humans use to communicate, either through speech or written. It consists of the use of the word in a structured and conventional way. Language has been referred to as ‘our means of classifying and ordering the world; our means of manipulating reality’. In structure and in its use, we bring the world into realisation and if it is inherently inaccurate, then we are misled. Dale Spender, 1980.Language has power that allows us to make sense out of the reality we live in.
According to Leech (1974:11), the aim of conceptual meaning is to provide any interpretation of a sentence in the language. It emphasizes on the logical meaning. Furthermore, conceptual meaning is considered as the meaning based on the dictionary.
This paper will explain the process we, as humans usually follow to understand a certain text or utterance. This explanation would be achieved through the analysis of two journal articles from semantics and pragmatics perspective, taking into account a range of techniques associated with each of the two concepts including:
Language is a part of our everyday lives, and we can describe the meaning of language in many ways. As suggested in Gee and Hayes (2011, p.6 ) people can view language as something in our minds or something existing in our world in the form of speech, audio recordings, and writings or we can view language as a way of communicating with a group of people. Language can be used to express our emotions, make sense of our mental and abstract thoughts and assists us in communicating with others around us. Language is of vital importance for children to enable them to succeed in school and everyday life. Everyone uses both oral and written language. Language developed as a common ability amongst human beings with the change
The work of the translator stars with the reading of the ST: he has to study the lexicon, the grammatical structure, the communicative intention of the writer, and of course the cultural context in which is developed the ST, in order to identify the best translation strategy able to express the original intention.
Language is a form of verbal communication via words and its pronunciation that is used and comprehended by various people of the same nation, culture, or geographical background. It has been said to be dated back as far as one thousand years ago before writing. Like culture, language is passed on through the process of enculturation. Meaning that it is something that is learned (Kottak, 101). In the video, “TED TALK:
Language is a means of human communication whether verbally or nonverbally. In everyday life we use language to express our thoughts, feelings ,attitudes,etc.A great amount of social interactions takes place every day over the telephone ,by online chats, face –to face interaction or at workplaces .We use language of different forms for different functions as in to inform, question , and sometimes to strengthen social relationships or just to keep the social wheels turning smoothly. Moreover, understanding one's own language and even other cultures’ language is important to arrive at a successful and effective communication with others . The study of language can be undertaken in various ways .Semantics and pragmatics are two branches of linguistics which are concerned with the study of meaning.
Foreign language listening comprehension is a complex process and has a crucial role in developing foreign language competence. In the past, listening comprehension in language learning was overlooked but at present some researchers have devoted some time to listening and they believe that it is an important skill in teaching and learning a second or foreign language. For instance, Nunan (1998) believes that listening is the basic skill in language learning. Without listening skill, learners will never learn to communicate effectively. In fact over 50% of the time that students spend functioning in a foreign language should be devoted to listening (Nunan, 1998).
There has been a heated discussion in the field of Translation Studies with respect to where the emphasis should be put. Should it be on the source text and the sender, on the target text and the receiver or the process itself? This boils down to how one defines translation. This essay offers a critical view on the Skopos theory, which focuses on the translation process. A discussion is included to illustrate the importance of translation brief in both pedagogical and professional settings. Other related theories are presented as well. Finally, the essay concludes with a few remarks and suggestions.