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Child and development psychology
Child psychology and developement research paper
Child and development psychology
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Facial expression recognition (FER) was determined by child scores on two FER tasks: the emotion-matching task and the emotion-labeling task. Children and their parents in the focus cohort were invited to the Generation R Research Center when participants were 36-months old. The final study consisted of 808 children with data on both FER tasks. During the emotion-matching task, images of human faces depicting four emotions (happiness, sadness, anger and fear) were presented to the children on a touch sensitive monitor. Children were presented two faces on the bottom of the screen, and one image at the top of the screen. They were instructed to choose the face that matched the emotion of the target face using the touch-sensitive monitor. There
Higher Learning - Film Analysis Exposition: The Establishing Shot of the film is a full screen American Flag, the camera zooms out and points down, revealing a large crowd of people in a rally, being very patriotic. As the camera zooms off the flag we come across a statue of Columbus- indicating it to be Columbus University. The speaker on the stage gives us another indication of the setting by Shouting'Columbus University'. They are in front of a stage with Band music playing and chants rising out. Whilst this continues in the background three characters are established:
While communicating with another human being, one only has to examine the other’s face in order to comprehend what is being said on a much deeper level. It is said that up to 55 percent of a message’s meaning can be derived from facial expression (Subramani, 2010). These facial manipulations allow thoughts to be expressed in ways that are often difficult to articulate verbally, with the face demonstrating “the thoughts of the mind, and the feelings of the heart” (Singla). Many expressions are said to universal, particularly those showing happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and...
Research in this field found preferential differences in an adult when their eye gaze is directed towards an object, as opposed to faces with eye gaze averted from an object, in neonates (Farroni, Csibra, Simion, & Johnson, 2002). Reid and Striano (2005) examined 4-month-old infants looking at adult faces with their eye gaze directed towards an object and averted away from an object. It was found that infants looked substantially shorter at the object that was cued by the eye gaze. They concluded that the cued object was familiar compared with the uncued object which was seen as novel and therefore attracted more attention. Reid, Striano, Kaufman, and Johnson (2004) expanded upon previous research and investigated neural activity using event related potentials to measure an infants’ reaction to direct and averted eye gaze. A positive slow wave measure was adopted and it was found that the amplitude was larger for the averted eye gaze condition compared against the direct eye gaze condition. This increase indicated that the averted eye gaze was seen as novel compared to the direct eye gaze, substantiating what had been found in previous research.
Darwin in 1872 put forth the notion that emotional expressions are inborn and involuntary displays of one’s inner state (1). Darwin developed this ideology further and proposed what is now known as the Inhibition hypothesis (1). This two pronged theory describes the relation of emotion to facial muscle activation, more commonly known as facial expressions (1). The theory states that (a) specific facial muscles can not be intentionally engaged when the genuine emotion is lacking and (b) certain muscles can not be inhibited when a genuine emotion is experienced - it has been noted that this emotion must be particularly intense (Porter and ten Brinke, 2008; Porter, ten Brinke, & Wallace, 2011).
The Facial Recognition Lab was performed in order to determine whether or not the familiarity effect can be used to influence an individual’s memory. In the lab, ten Most Wanted faces were shown and the subject was asked to study them for an indefinite amount of time. Once they clicked “Next”, they were shown 20 faces in random order, ten of which were from the list they had just studied and ten were new faces. The subject was asked to determine which were new and which were Most Wanted. In theory this should be a relatively easy task, because the subject does not necessarily need to remember that a face was on the previous list, merely that they had seen it before. That it was familiar to them. Thus, on the second day they were shown 20 faces again. If the subject was randomly assigned into the control group, then they saw the Most Wanted faces mixed in with ten new faces. Otherwise they were assigned into the false memory group and were shown the exact same 20 faces they had seen the previous day. The subjects are given a “discrimination index” based on their level of accuracy. The hypothesis is that the control group will perform significantly better (i.e. have a higher discrimination index) than the members of the false memory group. This is because the control group still merely has to recognize a face. Granted they aren’t aware of which group they are in, but to the false memory group, all of the faces will have some degree of familiarity. They must go a step further and actually reconstruct which faces were on the Most Wanted list and which were not.
A study was conducted to see people’s reactions to angry and sad faces of men and women. When these two faces were blended together, as in, the angry woman and sad woman were blended...
In Neil Gaiman’s fantastical short story “Sunbird” the author ironically conveys messages concerning real-life problems towards young adults and children of age similar to his daughter whom seems to be considered as the main audience of this story. The short story begins with the introduction of the Epicurean group of five noble people who are all rich or was rich at one point. Augustus TwoFeathers McCoy, Professor Mandalay, Virginia Boote, Jackie Newhouse, and Zebidiah T. Crawcrustle are the only members of the group of those who concern only one goal, which is to eat or try eating all the animals that are known to the public. The story progresses until the members of the Epicurean group fulfills their goal by eating the Sunbird, which was
In the journal article When Familiarity Breeds Accuracy: Cultural Exposure and Facial Emotion Recognition by Hillary Anger Elfenbein and Nalini Ambady, they discuss an experiment where photographs of American and Chinese individuals showing different kind of facial expressions that outline their current state of emotion were presented to American and Chinese judges.
1. Emotions in early childhood have been studied time by time again, to come to a conscience method on how emotions are developed from the start. The earliest emotions that are expressed in the first six months of an infant’s life are things like surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust with a plethora of other emotions began to spawn. Emotions have proven to be important roles in communication with others and behavioral organization. Infants use these aspects to determine interactions weather emotions would be positive or negative.
One famous pioneer in this area is Ekman (1973 in Shiraev & Levy, 2007, 2004) who classified six basic facial expressions as being universal and reflecting most emotional states. They are happy, sad, anger, disgust, surprised and fearful. Ekman (1973) proposed that the universality of emotions allows individuals to empathise with others and enables us to read other’s feelings therefore emotions must serve an adaptive purpose hence supporting the claim that they are universal (Darwin, 1972 in John, Ype, Poortinga, Marshall & Pierre 2002). Moreover, emotions are widely accepted to accompany...
The movie, Higher Learning, is a film that includes people that have different backgrounds, but yet have the same struggles, whether it is with racism, academics, financial issues. It does a well job of expressing how stressing a situation can be when a student has to deal with the problems of racism while having to also balance school, relationships. Throughout the whole movie there are many examples of the issues the characters have to deal with, but the issues regarding race/ethnicity are presented throughout the movie through stereotypes, hate crimes, and policing of different races.
Facial recognition is a process that allows human beings to identify other human beings simply from the structure of their faces, and their facial features (Nugent, 2017). However facial recognition is not the only form of recognition humans can use; object recognition although very different from facial recognition allows for human beings to identify an object from a photograph, or the object being described to them, they are aware of the pattern and structure of the object.
Over the last thirty years or so, face recognition is an active research area in computer vision and one of the most successful applications of image analysis and understanding. Different algorithms have been proposed by researchers for solving this problem and many of them are considered as the state of the art. Nowadays, the face recognition problem is not only important in the research area, but it is vital in the commercial applications.
The experimenter played with the target act (toy) twice. Then the emoter entered, and the experimenter played with the target act again. The emoter responded, the experimenter gave the child the target act to play with for 20 seconds, and looked away from child. Latency to touch (the time from placement of toy on table to infant first touch), duration of touch (total time infants spent touching toy), and imitation score (how many times the infant played with toy) were recorded (Repacholi, 2014). The amount of time the infant looked at the emoter, and the facial expressions of the infant were observed and converted to a quantitative scale using Hertenstein & Campos, 2004 methods during the 20-second time was also recorded. “Anger-attentive and anger-distracted children took significantly longer to touch the objects than anger-back and control, and anger-attentive took significantly longer to touch than anger-absent. Anger-attentive were less likely to imitate than anger-back, anger-absent, and control. Anger-distracted had lower imitation scores than anger-absent and
Emotions play a significant part in our daily lives, especially to our overall wellbeing whenever we share these experiences with other people. The ability to express and interpret emotions is an important skill that everyone can improve on that would greatly benefit their interpersonal communication. Our expressions accompany our emotions; they serve as windows that allow other people to know what we are feeling inside. There are several factors that influence how we communicate our feelings.