Chemistry Units 3&4 Extended Response – Task 11
Part A:
Discuss where and how the fuel is obtained or made and the chemical processes involved (plus the energy inputs these processes require) - 19 marks
Petroleum:
Petroleum is made from crude oil. Crude oil is a combination of many different hydrocarbons. Crude oil is considered a ‘fossil fuel’ because it is formed from deceased plants and animals.
Crude oil is formed within the Earth’ crust and within ocean basins. An ocean basin is a “depression of the earth’s surface in which an ocean lies”. As plants and animals die and remain at the bottom of the ocean they turn into fossils.
The fossils are covered by mud form the crude oil. This mud slowly turns into rock, the rock puts extreme pressure
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There are two main processes for synthesising ethanol – the fermentation and hydration of ethene. The most common method is fermentation. Although fermentation is more commonly associated with alcoholic beverages, it is becoming more popular in association with fuel production.
For fermentation to occur it requires a suitable grain to be in aqueous solution with water, it needs to have an appropriate yeast strain added (for alcoholic beverages), air needs to be removed and the mixture is needed to be kept at a constant 37˚c. The enzymes within the mixture convert the starch or sugar to glucose or fructose as shown in the equation: C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2 + heat. This is an oxidation-reduction reaction.
The other method of producing ethanol is the hydration of ethene.
Technically, the method is not thought of as a biofuel because it was not produced from a crop. Ethylene is used and it is produced through catalytic cracking. This is an addition reaction that is exothermic and is shown through the equation: CH2=CH2(g) + H2O(g) → CH3CH2OH(l) ΔH = - 45kj
This reaction uses steam and a catalyst; another way is by heating ethanol with a dilute sulphuric acid catalyst. A low temperature favours a high yield.
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For example, in 2006 in the United States consumers and businesses spent 921 billion American dollars, in 2008 money that was spent on fossil fuels reached One trillion American dollars. Currently it has been estimated that the United States are spending $1.6 trillion American dollars. The money being spent on the fossil fuels is due to manufacturing equipment that is able to drill and mine the crude oil, buying crude oil from various countries and continuous maintenance.
Discuss the argument that ethanol and biodiesel do not contribute to the presence of the atmospheric greenhouse gas CO2 while petrol combustion contributes significantly to increased atmospheric CO2. - 6 marks.
Alcohol, which is the nucleophile, attacks the acid, H2SO4, which is the catalyst, forming oxonium. However, the oxonium leaves due to the positive charge on oxygen, which makes it unstable. A stable secondary carbocation is formed. The electrons from the conjugate base attack the proton, henceforth, forming an alkene. Through this attack, the regeneration of the catalyst is formed with the product, 4-methylcyclohexene, before it oxidizes with KMnO4. In simpler terms, protonation of oxygen and the elimination of H+ with formation of alkene occurs.
Step 6: The ethyl ester on (20) is hydrolysed using concentrated sulphuric acid in a refluxing 1:1 acetic acid/water mixture.
This area is known as the Permian Basin. Most of the oil is being produced from rocks
Oil sands are unconventional petroleum deposits that consist of loose sand and partially consolidated sand stone that contains natural mixtures of natural clay, sand and water which is saturated with a highly viscous form of petroleum that flows extremely slowly known as bitumen (Yunchez, 2012).
During fermentation, the glucose is converted to carbon-dioxide and ethanol but, behind this simple concept is a series of complex biochemical reactions such as the ‘Glycolytic pathway’ involving various enzymes and the reactions take place anaerobically inside the cells of the brewing yeast. Beer processing involves series of steps starting from the reception of raw materials to the secondary fermentation and storage of the filtered and packaged
Fermentation is widespread used for extracting energy and commonly choose the materials with high concentrations of sugars / carbohydrates as substrates for the fermentation process. Fermentation is a metabolic and reduction process that converts organic compounds to methane, ethanol, lactic acid, lactose and hydrogen isolated from oxygen while the by-product is the fermentation residue. Fermentation process can be slower or interrupted by many factors: the oxygen, the light, temperature, unsuitable temperature, unsuitable reaction, unappropriate humidity or high environmental toxicity.
Fermentation is one of the process of glycolysis, it is anaerobic, basically this means that it does not use air. Its end product is ethanol, which is a form of alcohol, ethanol differs from alcohol in its chemical composition. The end product of ethanol from glycolysis can be explained by the following equation.
When we say ethanol production we are referring to the use of ethanol as a hybrid fuel for automobiles. What hybrid fuels means is that instead of running a car solely off of ethanol or gasoline alone, ethanol is actually blended in with standard fuel grade gasoline to create the ethanol fuel hybrid. Ethanol is derived from alcohol; it is a grain alcohol that is typically broken down from corn, although it can be obtained by other means such as Brazilian sugar cane, wheat, barley and potatoes (West). The way ethanol is created, according to Larry West in an article titled How is Ethanol made, is by fermenting plant sugars from photosynthesis, treating them with enzymes followed by then inserting tiny microbes to feed on the sugar that will finally b...
The process need toluene and hydrogen as a main reactor. Then, toluene and hydrogen are converted in a reactor packed with catalyst to produce benzene and methane. This reaction is exothermic and the operating conditions are 500 0C to 660 0C, and 20 to 60 bar of pressure. This process begins with mixing fresh toluene with a stream of recycle unreacted toluene, and the mixing is achieved in a storage tank. Then, the toluene is pumped to combine it with a stream of mixed hydrogen and fresh hydrogen gas. The mixture of toluene and hydrogen is preheated before it is introduce to the heater or furnace. In the furnace, the stream is heated to 600 0C, then introduced into the reactor. Basically, the main reactions occurs in the reactor.
Fermentation is a process that involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions). Alcohol fermentation takes place in plant and yeast cells where glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol in the presence of heat energy. Once these two products are released, the yeast/plant cells die when there is excess alcohol in the solution. (Mann, 2013)
Alcohol is made through a process called fermentation (how alcohol is made). It is the process of sugar being broken down into carbon dioxide and ethanol. The main ingredient in fermentation is yeast. Yeast breaks down grains, fruits, and its main function is to get the alcohol
As more concerns are being raised about the effects of greenhouse gases being produced and put into the atmosphere many different ideas are being looked at. These ideas are looking at reducing the amount of these gases that are put into the atmosphere. Not only is this an idea but researchers are looking for ways to produce a cheaper, but yet more effective alternative. One alternative that they have come up with to an alternative to regular gasoline that will be cheaper to produce as well as lower the amount of emissions that it will produce is Biofuels. Biofuels are, “All biofuels and bio-based products come from “biomass”, a term that covers all living or recently living biological material which can be used as fuel or for industrial production. Examples include wood, corn, sugarcane, and manure.’’(eartheasy) Biofuels can be a major source of fuel in the future.
... It produces a large variety of foods that could not have been made without its process, like bread and cheese. Alcoholic drinks such as wine and beer could not be possible without the use of ethanol fermentation. Many would not be able to enjoy the flavors the process creates that are exclusive to only fermented foods. Not just limited to the creation of foods and beverages, fermentation also plays a large role in the making of many other products that affect our everyday lives, ranging from the fuel you use to the medicine you take.
Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colourless liquid. It is the principal type of alcohol that found in alcoholic beverages produced by fermentation of sugars by yeast. It is used as an antiseptic, a solvent, a fuel. Due to its low freezing point,active fluid in post mercury thermometers (Nivedita, 1998).Ethanol, the renewable resource, produced from fermentation of glucose rich substrates, like sugar cane, fruit juices, tapioca, sweet potatoes, sweet sorghum etc. Starchy materials like maize, wheat, oat, rice, potatoes also can be used. Agricultural wastes and forestry wastes which are cellulosic and lingo cellulosic sources also can be used as substrates for ethanol production. Ethanol is a compound with hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to alkyl group. They are regarded as hydroxyl derivative of hydro carbon. Ethanol produced by chemical as well as biological routes. Through the chemical mode, synthetic ethanol is produced by catalytic hydration of ethylene (C2 H2) with water using phosphoric acid, atmospheric pressure 70 and at temperature of 3000C.
Alcohol is a class of organic compounds that is characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. Alcohol was unknowingly produced centuries ago when fermentation occurred to crushed grapes (Pines, 1931). In today’s society alcohol is produced for the use of household products such as varnishes, cleaning products, but is more commercially important in the liquor business. A chemical process called fermentation accomplishes the production of ethanol, the alcohol or liquor. From there, the ethanol goes through distinct processes to become the dark and clear liquors on the store shelves.