'Evolution or Revolution' - Recurring ideas in Ibsen, O'Neill and Shepard

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Evolution or Revolution? Recurring themes, ideas and conventions in the dramas of Ibsen, O'Neill and Shepard. Throughout the history of drama, playwrights have appropriated the ideas of their predecessors for their own use, sometimes building on them and making the idea their own. American drama is no exception. American drama has its roots firmly entrenched in modern European drama, this is illustrated through the influence of Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen on American playwright Eugene O'Neill. O'Neill once wrote, "Not long ago I read all of Ibsen's plays again. The same living truth is there. Only to fools with a superficial eye cocked to detect the incidental can they have anything dated or outworn about them. As dramas revealing the souls of men and women they are as great to-day as they will be a hundred years from now." (Manheim p.24). O'Neill and his contemporaries, in turn, influenced a new generation of American playwrights, exemplified by Sam Shepard who, according to Henry I. Schvey, "Like O'Neill, who for decades rejected psychological realism as 'holding the family Kodak up to ill-nature,' then embraced it in his greatest works such as Long Day's Journey, Shepard has moved toward a new realism which owes much to the family drama of O'Neill" (Modern Drama p.18). This should illustrate how European conventions were replicated, built on or even subverted to create what we know today as American drama. Egil Tornqvist writes, in the critical essay 'O'Neill: Philosophical and Literary paragons', "Paradoxically, O'Neill is never closer to Ibsen than at the peak of his artistry and integrity, when he is able to use the old master's tools, notably his retrospective technique, with perfectio... ... middle of paper ... ...ama. Ed. Clive Bloom. Macmillan Press Ltd. London. 1995. O'Neill, Eugene. Desire Under the Elms & The Great God Brown. Nick Hern books ltd. London. 1995. O'Neill, Eugene. Long Day's Journey into Night. Nick Hern books ltd. London. 2000. Schvey, Henry I. 'A Worm in the Wood: The Father-Son relationship in the Plays of Sam Shepard'. Modern Drama - volume 36. 1993 Schewey, Don. Sam Shepard. Da Capo Press. New York. 1997 Shepard, Sam. Buried Child - Sam Shepard: Plays 2. Faber and Faber Ltd. London. 1997. Shepard, Sam. Curse of the Starving Class - Sam Shepard: Plays 2. Faber and Faber Ltd. London. 1997 Tornqvist, Egil. 'O'Neill's philosophical and literary paragons.'. The Cambridge Companion to Eugene O'Neill. Ed. Michael Manheim. Cambridge University Press. 1998. Wade, Leslie A. Sam Shepard and the American Theatre. Praeger Publishers. 1997

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