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Over time, many theories have been introduced in order to explain the world around us and throughout the course of history; theories have been accepted and then subsequently rejected. However, the question that arises from this evolution of knowledge is this, should the knowledge considered then be discarded totally? Do the older theories become completely useless once new ones are invented? We gain knowledge through the roles of sense perception, reason, emotion and language. These factors differ from person to person across the world as they are influenced differently between individuals due to the roles of their own personal background. To claim that we know something is that we consider it to be true and thus we believe it due to our own reasoning. However, because of the fact that knowledge is constantly evolving and changing, knowledge that was once considered to be fact is disproven creating a scenario where the theories that we accept today are waiting to be proven wrong in the future due to advances in areas such as technology. This is demonstrated by the changing in understanding surrounding the atom. Ideas have constantly changed surrounding the shape of the atom. This can be seen by John Dalton who in 1803, built upon previous interpretations concerning Proust’s Law by determining the Law of multiple proportions . This would have made previous scientists using the older model question what they knew was actually true and that their theories had been proven wrong and so should be discarded. From this stems an issue whereby there are factors hindering you to accept new knowledge, one may believe that we can have solid facts but by time progressing, perspectives change and with that facts can become reinterpreted due to ... ... middle of paper ... ...hey may be true for the current world, there is the definite situation where in the future, they will have the capability to explore areas of science not discovered as of yet. However, technology is not the only factor that influences how we assess knowledge. Everything we use to access knowledge (e.g. history, ethics) is constantly changing. As a result, we should not completely discard an old theory when a new one is introduced as it may still have some value. Old knowledge just may be general and not as specific as the new one as shown by the evolution of the atom where new ideas were built upon the olds. Therefore, the extent to which we can discard knowledge varies; if the knowledge still has some applications then it cannot be discarded. Knowledge can only be discarded when the general facts are false and so cannot aid the learning of the knower in the future.
Without theories, scientists’ experiments would yield no significance to the world. Theories are the core of the scientific community; therefore figuring out how to determine which theory prevails amongst the rest is an imperative matter. Kuhn was one of the many bold scientists to attempt to bring forth an explanation for why one theory is accepted over another, as well as the process of how this occurs, known as the Scientific Revolution. Kuhn chooses to refer to a theory as a ‘paradigm’, which encompasses a wide range of definitions such as “a way of doing science in a specific field”, “claims about the world”, “methods of fathering/analyzing data”, “habits of scientific thought and action”, and “a way of seeing the world and interacting with it” (Smith, pg.76). However in this case, we’ll narrow paradigm to have a similar definition to that of a ‘theory’, which is a system of ideas used to explain something; it can also be deemed a model for the scientific community to follow. Kuhn’s explanation of a Scientific Revolution brings to light one major problem—the problem of incommensurability.
6. Some genuinely testable theories, when found to be false, are still upheld by their admirers-for example by introducing some ad hoc auxiliary assumption, or re-interpreting the theory ad hoc in such a way that it escapes refutation. However, such a method either destroys or lowers its scientific status.”
Further research is conducted to test the theory and the model. As advances in technology occur, more information can be obtained and so the theories and models can then be altered. If the model or theory seems to hold true in numerous areas of science, a scientific law is formed. These laws provide a greater level of understanding and explain why many things happen. An example of a law is Sir Isaac Newton’s law of Inertia.
To begin, theories change in different ways. For example, theories change if facts are found to be incorrect, maybe something was not thought out enough, and if any of the trials fail. In 460-370 B.C some scientists were to believe that atoms were completely solid because atoms were so small they couldn’t split. In 500 B.C Leucippus and Democritus proposed that all matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms that can't be split into smaller pieces. In 1821 Michael Faraday discovered electricity by carrying a wire with an electric current to a magnetic pole and then the wire rotated. Also, in 1930-2006 scientists decided that Pluto was not a planet but was a dwarf planet and the reason why Pluto is no longer a planet is because astronomers
In the area of Natural Sciences, new advances in the field are proposed by theorized conclusions before the theory is ever tested or proved. So in order for the different fields to move past the accepted knowledge to become more
The two fundamental components of Kuhn’s proposition of scientific revolutions are the concepts of paradigms and paradigm shifts. He defines paradigms as “sufficiently unprecedented [theories] to attract an enduring group of adherents away from competing modes of scientific activity” (Kuhn, 10). Through this interpretation, Kuhn constructs the argument that possessing the ability to convince other scientists to agree with a novel proposal serves as the most crucial aspect for establishing scientific advancement. Kuhn reasons that the task of discovering “one full, objective, true account of nature” remains to be highly improbable (Kuhn...
When results arise that cannot be explained through the current paradigm, a new paradigm may begin to form. the new paradigm originates with new theories that are proposed as a result of the anomalies that were found. “to be accepted as a paradigm, a theory must seem better than its competitors, but it need not, and in fact never does, explain all the facts with which it can be confronted” (Kuhn 17-18). when the new paradigm is finally accepted, a paradigm-shift occurs. the paradigm shift represents Kuhn’s “scientific revolution”. Once the paradigm-shift is completed normal science returns under the new paradigm until new set of unexplainable facts arise.
This is a result of a person’s cognitive limitations and technology’s limitations. It is for this reason, though, that it is not necessary of science to be beyond any possible doubt. That is not the purpose of it. As people further pursue their interests in characterizing the natural world, they build upon each other. Scientific inquiry is subject to change, yet it still amounts to knowledge. One should not be skeptical in this respect. If a theory is disproved, it is still a fact in the sense that it is not the case anymore. All experimentation whether wrong or right is knowledge. This is what scientists do in the sense of “building upon” one another; it amounts to progress. People are able to judge whether or not specific investigations into matters of fact are legitimate. Because people can evaluate their experiences (i.e. pick out what is truly characteristic of the external world on the basis of justified empirical inquiry), people can learn from their inquiry into matters of
...r it becomes to discard. The fact that there is the possibility of knowledge getting discarded suggests that perhaps it should not have been accepted in the first place. This begs the question: is knowledge accepted too easily? More often than not, one requires an adequate amount of evidence and facts to accept something as true. However, sometimes there is no evidence and it is impossible to prove something true, yet it is still accepted as knowledge, as is in the case of many theories. This occurs mostly in the sciences, because many times it is difficult to substantiate scientific knowledge. In order to avoid this never-ending cycle of accepting and discarding knowledge, perhaps the standard of accepting knowledge as true should be raised. But sometimes when something is proven false, it leads to finding the truth, so maybe the standard should remain where it is.
Knowledge has a preliminary definition which is that it is justified true belief. Due to its dynamic nature, knowledge is subject to review and revision over time. Although, we may believe we have objective facts from various perceptions over time, such facts become re-interpreted in light of improved evidence, findings or technology and instigates new knowledge. This raises the questions, To what extent is knowledge provisional? and In what ways does the rise of new evidence give us a good reason to discard our old knowledge? This new knowledge can be gained in any of the different areas of knowledge, by considering the two areas of knowledge; History and Natural Sciences, I will be able to tackle these knowledge issues since they both offer more objective, yet regularly updated knowledge, which is crucial in order to explore this statement. I believe that rather than discarding knowledge we build upon it and in doing so access better knowledge, as well as getting closer to the truth.
It is achieved by constantly questioning whether our current ideas are correct. As the famous American astronomer Maria Mitchell (1818-1889) put it, "Question everything". The result is that theories come and go, or at least are modified through time, as old ideas are questioned and new evidence is discovered. In the words of Karl Popper, "Science is a history of corrected mistakes", and even Albert Einstein remarked of himself "That fellow Einstein . . . every year retracts what he wrote the year before".
Even in our everyday life we can see how past knowledge helps to improve the future's outcome. Whether it is improvement of policies, electronics or automobiles improvement is always occurring. The computer is one such item which has come a long way. It would taking up entire rooms, run very slowly, and create tremendous amounts of heat. As improvement began they became smaller, faster and more energy efficient. Today they are very small, and run at tremendously high speeds while producing very little heat. Each improvement in the computers history could not have been made without knowledge of its predecessor's blueprints. Without this knowledge improvement would be impossible, always building the same exact computers with the same problems and never realizing it could have been built in a different way perhaps with better materials or a different more efficient computer language.
A theory is a way organizing and systematizing what is known about a phenomenon. It is, in fact, “a rationalized set of assumptions or hypotheses that provides a person with tools that can be utilized to explain the past and predict the future” (Johnson, 2000). Therefore, theories provide direction and when tested and supported, can assist in expanding our knowledge.
Beginning with the scientific revolution in the fifteen hundreds, the Western world has become accustomed to accepting knowledge that is backed by the scientific method, a method that has been standardized worldwide for the most accurate results. This method allows people to believe that the results achieved from an experiment conducted using the scientific method have been properly and rigorously tested and must therefore be the closest to truth. This method also allows for replication of any experiment with the same results, which further solidifies the credibility and standing of natural science in the world. Another aspect that allows for the reliability on the natural sciences is the current paradigm boxes, which skew the truth to remove anomalies. This affects the outcome of experiments as the hypotheses will be molded to create results that fit the paradigm box.
The theory takes into consideration the biological processes of natural selection, mutation, symbiosis, gene transfer and genetic drift. Science concept Charles Darwin Charles Darwin was a naturalist born on the 12th of February 1809 in England. Darwin grew up loving nature and went to Edinburgh University. On the trip around the world, Darwin collected natural samples including birds, plants and fossils. Darwin found a particular interest in the Pacific islands and South America.