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Ethical and moral issues associated with artificial intelligence
Advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence
Ethical and moral issues associated with artificial intelligence
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Artificial Intelligence ethical issues
Artificial intelligence is the creation of intelligent and smart technologies / machines such as computers and programs. However, Researchers describe artificial intelligence as a design and study of artificial smart agents. Studying Artificial intelligence is not only technical but also somehow specialized. Intelligence as a word has a lot of meanings and definitions but mainly intelligence in machines mean that a machine can imitate or think like a human. It’s an amazing thing that these machines which were created by man can somewhat think and they can also do some tasks that only human is able to do. However, in today’s world technology didn’t reach the level where machines can think totally by themselves
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yet but this can become a reality sooner than expected because of the fast development of technologies. Example for the artificial intelligence technologies is robots, artificial intelligence software and robotic machines and vehicles. Nowadays, one of the most popular example in context of robot usage is the Japanese industries starting to implement and use robots to assist elders. Moreover, South Korea are working on making 100% of the houses own a domestic robot to assist them in their household duties by 2020 (Ref 13). A robotic vehicle has been created by company called DARPA and this vehicle was able to drive by itself for 132 miles in a desert terrain. The US Army started to develop war machines like armed vehicles that will be used to support and assist on the ground. This type of artificial intelligence that is used in military is known as UAV and UGV short for unmanned armed vehicles and unmanned ground vehicles. Since 2010 half of the stock trades in the world are being driven and managed by AI software. Furthermore, Artificial intelligence isn’t only about creating and making intelligent and smart machines or robots.
Artificial intelligence can also be a tool or a program that assists us to perform some tasks faster and efficiently. An example for this kind of artificial intelligence is “Deep blue” which is a program on the computer developed by IBM. This program was created to beat the master of chess game Garry Kasparove. (Ref 11)
AI is mainly related to computer science studies which is developing rapidly. There are a lot of theories regarding artificial intelligence that are being evolved and many movies and books are being made about AI. In addition, artificial intelligence has many professional, social and ethical concerns and issues in Information systems subject area.
Artificial intelligence is a very broad area that has many ethical issues. We can categorize and group these ethical into three main groups. The three types are: Machine ethics, Robot ethics and other ethical problems. The robot ethical issues category are like the possible threat to our dignity also robot rights and privacy threat concerns.
Similar to human rights, surprisingly in some countries robots are also having their own rights. Robot rights include freedom and liberty and equality even though robots are human made. This will cause some ethical issues because there will be laws and regulations to protect robot’s rights by law like humans. (Ref
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05) For example, Korea and Japan started using robots for housekeeping activities. Article no.4 of the universal human rights declare that slavery is prohibited in all forms. An article has stated that any use of artificial intelligence as slavery acts can even violate this act. An argument was built stating that these machines are built by human to assist and make our life easier however from an ethical point of view using these robots and machines daily and intensely means that we are using them as slaves. Thus an ethical consideration like rights and obligations arises towards robots and intelligent machines. (ref 09) The second ethical issue in the context of robot ethics is privacy threat. Artificial intelligence program can now listen to our phone calls and conversation and it can process our speech to understand it. This kind of Artificial intelligence programs allow governments to be able to minimize crimes and attack their archenemies. Moreover, Artificial intelligence surveillance and monitoring systems that are able to monitor human movement and activities via cameras like the tools used to surveille traffic and those robots that were created to support elders may become a threat to our privacy. Other matter we should consider under robot’s ethics is the threat to our dignity. Artificial intelligence should not replace human and labors in some positions and jobs that requires care and respect like customer service jobs, nursing for elders, police, judges and therapists… However, with the rapid development of AI and technologies, robots might be given these kind of jobs and professions in the near future. Many other issues and theories concerning the other ethical concerns of artificial intelligence. For example, a philosopher and teacher at Oxford University named Nick Bostrom said that the artificial intelligence will be capable to cause human extinction, which the society don’t want the artificial intelligence to cause that. Furthermore, a scientist named Berglas noted that in 2008 the evolution of artificial intelligence will cause more harm to human and the AI might not be friendly to human anymore. Artificial intelligence will have its own evolution meaning that it will start to compete with us. It’s hard for humanity to be able to compete with a more intelligent machine. (Ref 04) Artificial intelligence has other ethical issues that might arise towards human, like it has some consequences on the human relationship. Nowadays, as stated before there some new artificial intelligence products that can take care and assist elders in their houses without the need of any human aid. For example, “Smart homes” is a new technology that is very common is some countries. These kind of artificial intelligence provide for the house members security and it can monitor the health for the elderly human at their houses. However, this type of technology may cause an increase in social and human isolation. Imagine a system or a program which remind the human beings what they have to do daily, this will lead people to lose interest of what they like to do in their life. In addition to privacy issue because these artificial intelligence programs will be monitoring us through cameras. Using artificial intelligence in the robotic armed machines and vehicles that can be used in wars. This can have a positive and a negative side. The positive side of it is that there will be a reduction in human participation in wars and battles. On the other hand, the negative side of it is that some countries won’t have this type of artificial intelligence and technologies which will lead into a battle between human and robots AI. So human beings will be killed by artificial intelligent machines which will cause an ethical problem which will arise. Anyways, Killing is unethical in any sort or case and can never be justified. So introducing artificial intelligent technologies will have its advantages and disadvantages to our society.
As for the advantages it might introduce many job opening related to this industry and profession. There are more than 225 companies in the USA that is related to robotic industry.
Moreover, artificial intelligence systems can increase the accuracy of the outputs. Thus many artificial intelligence programs are being implemented and used as stock trades solutions. The stock trades will be made without any human intervention which will reduce and minimize the human errors. Further, it will reduce any extra costs like human wages for the stock trade activity.
Artificial intelligence can generate various types of disadvantages. Although AI has created many workforce opportunities, it has also resulted the automation of most of the basic activities which will lead to the reduction of human activities, jobs and tasks. For example, an AI software called e-discovery was developed that replaced lawyers, this software is able to analyze millions of documents and able to discover the facts fast and efficiently. This issue will result in many job losses which will lead to some social and ethical dilemma as when unemployment occurs unethical activities like stealing will occur in order to have the ability to
survive. Not to mention that the increase usage of artificial intelligent machines will lead to pollution. Increase in energy usage which is used by the machines and non-biodegradable elements of the machines will lead to environmental problems and issues and might also cause a waste of resources. Some more issues related to artificial intelligence can be cultural differences. Because social norms and cultures may differ between different countries. This will also cause different views of AI technologies. Thus, before creating an artificial intelligent technology we should take into consideration different cultures and societies. There are some religions that don’t allow creating any artificial being. Furthermore, currently AI doesn’t have any government regulations or laws which will lead for some new complications. Instead a safety requirements for creating robots and machines was created called international organization for standardization (ISO). Another issue caused by AI profession is that this technological development will reduce the human creativity. Most of the day to day activities will be done by robots and much easier. Hence human won’t be using their creativity as much as before. Thus there should be a balance in AI advancement. Other issues of AI technology can arise because these systems can be attacked by hacking. For example, when these AI systems are being used in some critical situations such as airplane system, if it crashes it will cause human life destruction and death. Which will affect the reliability on the artificial intelligent systems. In addition, AI systems can be modded. Thus they can be modified for some unethical usage. Artificial Intelligence is developing fast and rapidly and it has many legal, professional, social and ethical issues and concerns. Also as discussed before it has its negatives and positives consequences. In summary the most common ethical problems and issues in context of AI include machine and robot rights, privacy issues and threats, threats to the dignity of human beings. Nowadays, Artificial intelligence is already being used in battles and human day to day activities. So to some extent human are being replaced by AI. Scientist are working on developing an AI that respond and reacts to touch which is known as Humanoid. Many implications and issues will arise because of these technological advancement, that’s why we should start acting now because the current laws don’t address these kind of issues that are arising. It’s defin
The official foundations for "artificial intelligence" were set forth by A. M. Turing, in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" wherein he also coined the term and made predictions about the field. He claimed that by 1960, a computer would be able to formulate and prove complex mathematical theorems, write music and poetry, become world chess champion, and pass his test of artificial intelligences. In his test, a computer is required to carry on a compelling conversation with humans, fooling them into believing they are speaking with another human. All of his predictions require a computer to think and reason in the same manner as a human. Despite 50 years of effort, only the chess championship has come true. By refocusing artificial intelligence research to a more humanlike, cognitive model, the field will create machines that are truly intelligent, capable of meet Turing's goals. Currently, the only "intelligent" programs and computers are not really intelligent at all, but rather they are clever applications of different algorithms lacking expandability and versatility. The human intellect has only been used in limited ways in the artificial intelligence field, however it is the ideal model upon which to base research. Concentrating research on a more cognitive model will allow the artificial intelligence (AI) field to create more intelligent entities and ultimately, once appropriate hardware exists, a true AI.
Artificial Intelligence is “the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior.” Although the term was coined in 1955 by John McCarthy, stories about artificial beings with consciousness can be traced back to Ancient Greece. In one Greek legend, Cadmus, a Phoenician prince, kills a sacred water-dragon after it slays
Artificial intelligence(AI) is refer to as computer algorithms that show functions that represent intelligence or duplicate certain components and elements of intelligence (Novella, 2017). Computers are good at crunching numbers, running algorithms, recognizing patterns, and searching and matching data. Artificial intelligence is also defined as the stimulation of human intelligence, functioned or processed by machines, especially computer system (Rouse, 2016). These processes involved learning which means the acquisition of information and the rules for using the information, reasoning whereby using the rules to achieve approximate conclusions, and lastly is self-correction. AI has applications in almost every way we use computers in society (Smith, 2006).
To begin, the main issue of development of Artificial Intelligence is the economic factors. Firstly, one of the main negative effects of AI on economy is unemployment. According to the suggesting of Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne of Oxford University during next 20 years 47 per cent of all USA jobs under the threat and will be replaced with intelligence machines (Vincent). If jobs will be automated, people will lose their workplaces and it is becomes one of the harmful problems not only for economy, but also for society. Because, if people will not have a workplace, they will not be able to provide their needs. Furthermore, development of AI can be a reason of increasing inequality of wages. For instance, the salaries of computer workers approximately earn 10 to 15 percent more than others. (Frey and Osborne). It is also one of the economic problems because it can lead to discontent of workers who hav...
The concepts of the development of artificial intelligence can be traced as far back as ancient Greece. Even something as small as the abacus has in someway led to the idea of artificial intelligence. However, one of the biggest breakthroughs in the area of AI is when computers were invented.
Lin, N. G. (2012). Robot Ethics : The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.
It involves a number of different sciences including computer science, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and mathematics. The main problem with A.I. is that human intelligence is difficult to copy and recreate. Simple things like interacting and communicating with others is remarkable hard to program. Computers would have to understand natural language; the same way another person would. It would have to think and form ideas based on questions. According to, Patrick Winston a professor at CSAIL, “simple mistakes like answering “Richard Nixon” on a question asking for a first lady points to... lack of human-like intelligence”.(Winston) Currently there are many project by large organizations that claim they found ways to get computers to understand people. Its still very early to say what the future of A.I. will be, but in a world where everybody uses phones and computers its probably going to be a big part of
The approach to artificial intelligence should be proceeded with caution. Throughout recent years and even decades before, it has been a technological dream to produce artificial intelligence. From movies, pop culture, and recent technological advancements, there is an obsession with robotics and their ability to perform actions that require human intelligence. Artificial intelligence has become a real and approachable realization today, but should be approached with care and diligence. Humans can create advanced artificial intelligence but should not because of the harm they may cause, the monumental advancement needed in the technology, and that its harm outweighs its benefits.
In order to see how artificial intelligence plays a role on today’s society, I believe it is important to dispel any misconceptions about what artificial intelligence is. Artificial intelligence has been defined many different ways, but the commonality between all of them is that artificial intelligence theory and development of computer systems that are able to perform tasks that would normally require a human intelligence such as decision making, visual recognition, or speech recognition. However, human intelligence is a very ambiguous term. I believe there are three main attributes an artificial intelligence system has that makes it representative of human intelligence (Source 1). The first is problem solving, the ability to look ahead several steps in the decision making process and being able to choose the best solution (Source 1). The second is the representation of knowledge (Source 1). While knowledge is usually gained through experience or education, intelligent agents could very well possibly have a different form of knowledge. Access to the internet, the la...
The future is full of unknowns. The entire science-fiction genre is devoted to proposing distant dreams in the worlds of science and technology, and humanity in the present is left to make these dreams into realities. Artificial intelligence is one example of a dream that is coming to fruition. Artificial intelligence refers to a machine that is “programmed to exhibit intelligence similar to that of human beings” (Artificial Intelligence 1). Some believe a machine of this sort would be beneficial, while others disagree.
Over the decades, A.I. has been advancing at an exponential rate and has been causing major global debates. Due to the fear that it will eventually take over human labor, certain groups of people have been protesting and wanting A.I. to be regulated so that they can feel a sense of relief as to how far companies can go with this new technology. There are also other groups that believe that "different kinds of A.I. require different regulations" (Suraj Srinivas, a Ph.D. student in Deep Learning). So far we have achieved a lot of new and impressive things with A.I., like self-driving cars, voice-powered personal assistants, behavioral algorithms, suggested searches, etc. Artificial Intelligence has affected us globally in the sense that it has
Artificial intelligence has become a big controversy between scientists within the past few years. Will artificial intelligence improve our communities in ways we humans can’t, or will they just cause danger to us? I believe that artificial intelligence will only bring harm to our communities. There are multiple reasons why artificial intelligence will bring danger to humanity, some of them being: you can’t trust them, they will lead to more unemployment, and they will cause more obesity.
It is a type of artificial intelligence program that imitated the analytical skills and understanding of human experts. By 1985, the artificial intelligence market had come up to one billion dollars; moreover, around the same time, Japan’s fifth generation computer project motivated the British and American government to bring back funding for artificial intelligence. Unfortunately, the artificial intelligence market fell back into disrepute which started with the fall of the Lisp Machine market. Additionally, this was a much longer “AI winter”. Soon, in the late 1900s and in the beginning of the 21st century, artificial intelligence was starting to be utilized for data mining, medical diagnosis, and in other areas as well as logistics. All this success was because of the increasing computational power, new relationships between other fields and artificial intelligence, higher significance on answering specific issues, and a commitment by researchers to scientific standards as well as mathematical methods. For example, on May 11th, 1997, Deep Blue (an IBM computer) was the first computer that played chess and it beat the ruling world chess champion at that time, Garry Kasparov. This was the beginning of an amazing discovery, artificial intelligence. Faster computers, able to obtain huge amounts of information, and statistical and advanced methods allowed progress in perception and machine learning. By the midyear of 2010, machine learning programs were utilized in the entire world. For example, Watson (IBM’s question answering system) beat Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter, the two greatest champions of Jeopardy, in a Jeopardy exhibition match by huge amounts. Another example is of the Kinect. It gives a 3D body-motion interface for the Xbox One and the Xbox 360 using algorithms that surfaced from long artificial research. Soon, 2015 came. According to
Artificial intelligence is defined as developing computer programs to solve complex problems by applications of processes that are analogous to human reasoning processes. Roughly speaking, a computer is intelligent
Artificial Intelligence “is the ability of a human-made machine to emulate or simulate human methods for the deductive and inductive acquisition and application of knowledge and reason” (Bock, 182). The early years of artificial intelligence were seen through robots as they exemplified the advances and potential, while today AI has been integrated society through technology. The beginning of the thought of artificial intelligence happened concurrently with the rise of computers and the dotcom boom. For many, the utilization of computers in the world was the most advanced role they could ever see machines taking. However, life has drastically changed from the 1950s. This essay will explore the history of artificial intelligence, discuss the