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Second wave of feminism essay
Second wave of feminism essay
Second wave of feminism essay
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Women have been fighting for equal rights for centuries. The second wave of feminism was a time where women thought their fight for equality was not over, and there were more issues that needed to be addressed and pushed further. In response to the statement “Many women active in the mainstream Second Wave women’s movement believed that they were contributing to changes that would fundamentally revolutionize American society. By the end of the Second Wave, however, some of these women felt that they had failed.” Some feminist activists think they have failed due to limitations and abuse alongside of obtaining the rights focused on in the 1960’s-1970’s. By the time the second wave of feminism began it was already acknowledged that women may have taken a step back into their private spheres up until the 1960’s. From earning the right to vote and fighting for education and property rights, to being brainwashed into thinking their only role in life is to stay at home and be a housewife, led women to be unhappy. “Women wanted more than their husbands, their children and their home.” (Friedan, pp. 279) They wanted more job and career opportunities and to fight for the inequality of women who were employed outside of the home. They also wanted more control in their reproduction so …show more content…
they can focus on themselves and have time for a career. There were challenges associated with each of these issues and activists perceived these as failures because of the fact that it had occurred during a time of anticipated progression for women. In this paper I will argue that the second wave feminist movement had both successes and failures around the issues of gender equality in the workplace and obtaining reproductive rights. In the 1950’s, the idea of the “white suburban housewife” became a standard role for the american woman. “By the mid-fifties, 60 percent of women dropped out of college to marry or because they thought too much education would be a marriage bar” (Friedan, pp. 271). Society has brainwashed women to think that the only way to be happy in life is to be a housewife that cook, clean and raise kids at home. Many women became depressed and seeked help because they couldn't understand as to why they were unhappy when they were told otherwise, this became known as “the problem that had no name”. Some women felt like if they had more kids then it would fix the problem, but it only got worse. It was then realized that women felt like they didn't have a real purpose, and they wanted their own identity. By the 1970s over 40% of women were employed. Although these women were able to leave their private sphere and work outside of the home, they were very much limited to jobs such as nurses, teachers, or secretaries, all other jobs were mostly for men. Job segregation and the hiring process has been going on between men and women where employers would post wanted signs specifically towards a specific gender for certain job postings. “Women's liberation struggled for equality and opportunity in work… Growing number of professional women were frustrated by the lack of advancement and acknowledgement in their careers.” (Mainardi, pp. 254) Not only were women limited to job positions, but they were also paid significantly less. “Of the women who were employed outside of the home would make an average of fifty-two cents to the dollar earned by males” (Baumgardner/Richards, pp. 6). The success to this issue was the option for women to go out into the workforce but the failure was women being segregated against and limited when it came to job opportunities Another success during the 1960’s-1970’s was the women's health movement and their right to control their reproduction. Since women wanted to focus on getting an education and a career, they wanted options when it came to having children or not. In the 1960’s the pill was given to women who were not yet ready to have children and if they did they would stop taking the pill. The women who were interested in taking the pill knowing they had control in their reproduction, suffered side effects that their doctors did not disclose with them. During the Nelson pill hearings, women spoke about how “many women discontinued taking the pill because they had experienced unpleasant side effects, asking questions about why the pill was not tested on more women and why were they not informed about the side effects blaming it on the male-dominated medical establishment” (Wolfson, pp. 271) Abortion has always been of topic when it came to reproductive rights, and whether or not a pregnant woman should continue with her pregnancy and have the right to a safe abortion. “Women spent a lot of time debating with priests about “When life began” and which abortions were justified, and giving statistic evidence that childbirth can be more dangerous than a medicalized abortion” (Cisler, pp.141) Abortion did not become legal again until 1973 from Roe v Wade case. When it did become legal, women who wanted abortions had a difficult time getting permission to have one, and had to go through. Then coming 1976, Congress passed the Hyde Amendment banning Medicaid funding for abortion procedures only if a woman's life was in danger. This limited access to women making her own reproductive choices later on in this time. The success to this issue was women being able to achieve reproductive rights, but the failure was women not getting enough care and support from their choices to take the pill or have a safe abortion during and after making them legal. In conclusion, the second wave of feminism has come a long way from the first wave.
There was much needed attention regarding women becoming more involved in the public sphere and to remove the housewife ideal. This includes women being able to work the same jobs as well as earning equal pay like men. Also achieving reproductive rights such as birth control and safe, legal abortions to support their higher education and careers. Along with these major successes, came with obstacles that have tried to slow the progression of both issues. In the end, although some activists consider these issues failures, they were important for the feminist movement to continue fighting for women's
liberation.
The “Feminine Mystique” is a highly influential book in the early second wave feminism movement. It is said that it helped shaped the demands of the second wave by insisting for the right to work outside the home, and to be paid equally; the right for reproductive freedom; the demand that women should not be expected to have children and be mothers if they do not want to. Betty Friedan addresses “the problem that has no name” which is the women who are highly educated, suburban housewives that are bored and want something “more” in their life. This is the point where women knew we needed a second wave. Women’s role had gone backwards and they were beginning to realize that they were all experiencing the same “problem that has no name”. “The
Whereas the women’s suffrage movements focused mainly on overturning legal obstacles to equality, the feminist movements successfully addressed a broad range of other feminist issues. The first dealt primarily with voting rights and the latter dealt with inequalities such as equal pay and reproductive rights. Both movements made vast gains to the social and legal status of women. One reached its goals while the other continues to fight for women’s rights.
But when the “Women’s Movement,” is referred to, one would most likely think about the strides taken during the 1960’s for equal treatment of women. The sixties started off with a bang for women, as the Food and Drug Administration approved birth control pills, President John F. Kennedy established the President's Commission on the Status of Women and appointed Eleanor Roosevelt as chairwoman, and Betty Friedan published her famous and groundbreaking book, “The Feminine Mystique” (Imbornoni). The Women’s Movement of the 1960’s was a ground-breaking part of American history because along with African-Americans another minority group stood up for equality, women were finished with being complacent, and it changed women’s lives today.
In order to have a better understanding of this question, this week’s class focused on a couple of different readings that analyzed movements and the reason of their downfall. In their own way, these readings show why movements have failed and the reasoning behind it. The first reading that analyzes this question is “The Decline of the Women’s Movement” by Barbara Epstein. She focuses her analysis on the first and second wave feminism and the reasons they didn’t succeed. The First Wave movement mostly consisted of white middle class and upper class women and began during the abolitionist movement where women affiliated themselves with anti-slavery and anti-racism movements. When the Civil War ended and women weren’t extended suffrage, they abandoned their alliances with the blacks. This movement was then based on women’s suffrage and the right to vote. The problem this movement faced was, “First wave feminism also moved, over the course of its history, toward a narrowness of vision that isolated it from other progressive movements” (pg.377). Even though this movement changed many views in society, the reason they failed was because they pulled back their alliances. Not long after the second wave of feminism began and sexuality became their main goal along with a broader view concerning the workplace, family, and reproductive rights. Women focused their energy on passing the Equal Rights Amendment which would guarantee them social equality and the right to have freedom in the choices they make. “Radical feminists wanted gender equality in the workplace, and most liberal feminists wanted a more egalitarian society” ( pg.379). The second wave used a more of a rebellious approach; the radical feminists viewed patriarchy ...
The late nineteenth century was a critical time in reshaping the rights of women. Commonly this era is considered to be the beginning of what is know to western feminists as “first-wave feminism.” First-wave feminism predominately fought for legal rights such as suffrage, and property rights. A major hallmark of first-wave feminism is the concept of the “New Woman.” The phrase New Woman described educated, independent, career oriented women who stood in response to the idea of the “Cult of Domesticity,” that is the idea that women are meant to be domestic and submissive (Stevens 27).
At this point, the difference perspective in ideology and political action has divided the women movement into some feminism types; socialist, Marxist, radical, liberal and many others. While liberal feminist focus their struggle for equality on civil, economic, and political rights, and education, the feminist socialist and Marxist believe women 's oppression is “the product of the political, social and economic structure within which individuals live.” (Tong, 1998: pp.94). Although some other people suppose that the feminist Marxist and socialist is quiet different, but both of them believe the source of women oppression are capitalism and patriarchy. The Marxist feminism is rooted in 19th century thinker such as Marx and Engels, whether
Society has long since considered women the lessor gender and one of the most highly debated topics in society through the years has been that of women’s equality. The debates began over the meaning between a man and woman’s morality and a woman’s rights and obligations in society. After the 19th Amendment was sanctioned around 1920, the ball started rolling on women’s suffrage. Modern times have brought about the union of these causes, but due to the differences between the genetic makeup and socio demographics, the battle over women’s equality issue still continues to exist. While men have always held the covenant role of the dominant sex, it was only since the end of the 19th century that the movement for women’s equality and the entitlement of women have become more prevalent. “The general consensus at the time was that men were more capable of dealing with the competitive work world they now found themselves thrust into. Women, it was assumed, were unable to handle the pressures outside of the home. They couldn’t vote, were discourages from working, and were excluded from politics. Their duty to society was raising moral children, passing on the values that were unjustly thrust upon them as society began to modernize” (America’s Job Exchange, 2013). Although there have been many improvements in the changes of women’s equality towards the lives of women’s freedom and rights in society, some liberals believe that women have a journey to go before they receive total equality. After WWII, women continued to progress in there crusade towards receiving equality in many areas such as pay and education, discrimination in employment, reproductive rights and later was followed by not only white women but women from other nationalities ...
There is a continuing debate worldwide regarding the topic of women’s rights and equality. Some have stronger opinions than others but in the long run it is shown that women have come a long way since the Seneca Falls convention in 1848 as well as the Civil Rights Movement in the 1920’s. Since the civil rights movement, women have struggled with religious freedom, equality, schooling, voting, stating their voice in government, and family life. Over the past generations dramatic social and legal changes have been pursued to pave the way for women’s acceptance today; changes such as affirmative action, reproductive rights, abortion, and the pursuit of higher education. Generations of women have come together to help build stronger ground to address women’s rights by participating in civil rights meetings, petition drives, lobbying, public speaking and non-violent resistance acts. Women have also overcome hardships such as rejection, isolation, discrimination, and unfair treatment in the workforce. In today’s society women now have more opportunities then ever before such as invol...
Throughout the waves of liberal feminism, there is a new characteristic to be associated with the feminist group. In the first waves, it’s white, married, wealthy women who fit the criteria to be a feminist. The first wave begins in 1900 and ends around 1920, during the times of the Suffragettes. This wave began to introduce the inequalities between men and women, especially relating to voting and education. The second wave began to rise in 1950 which introduced reproductive rights, entitlement to sex, marriage, jobs, social lives, and politics. This wave continued to the 1970’s. It’s not until the third wave, which hits in the 1990’s, when inequalities among women are introduced to the feminist movement (FYS Class Notes).
The Feminist Movement begin in the in 1848 spearheaded by the Seneca Fall Convention (Smith & Hamon, 2012). Feminism is the reaction to many year of oppression by a male dominated society. In the Feminist Movement women like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Canton Stanton desired rights, opportunities, and the identity that women deserved (Smith & Hamon, 2012). Osmond and Thorne (1993) stated that Feminist respond by expressing their desire to “develop knowledge that will further social change, knowledge that will help confront and end subordination of women as it related to the pattern of subordination based on social class, race, ethnicity, age, and sexual orientation” (p. 592). The “first wave” of the Feminist Movement
... setting up the basis for the second movement. After women began talking about the family economy during the first wave, the women were able to shift their focus to their personal careers and salaries during the second wave. Additionally, the first wave gave women the right to vote, but the second wave gave women more political power. Women distinguished themselves through their sexuality in the first wave, while the second wave helped women distinguish themselves through their strength. The achievements of the second feminist movement clearly had their roots in the first movement. Feminism is now entering its third wave. Regardless of whether the new feminists use an indirect approach, like the 1920s movement, or a direct approach, like the 1970s movement, American women will continue fighting for gender equality until the words “man” and “woman” both mean “human.”
The focus of The Women’s Liberation Movement was idealized off The Civil Rights Movement; it was founded on the elimination of discriminary practices and sexist attitudes (Freeman, 1995). Although by the 1960s women were responsible for one-third of the work force, despite the propaganda surrounding the movement women were still urged to “go back home.” However the movement continued to burn on, and was redeveloping a new attitude by the 1970s. The movement was headed by a new generation that was younger and more educated in politics and social actions. These young women not only challenged the gender role expectations, but drove the feminist agenda that pursued to free women from oppression and male authority and redistribute power and social good among the sexes (Baumgardner and Richards, 2000).
Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, fictional or philosophical dissertation. It helps to explain the main nature of gender inequality. It further explains the social roles of women in the society such as education, communication, philosophy, sociology and so on (Chodrow, Nancy 1991).
Throughout history, women have remained subordinate to men. Subjected to the patriarchal system that favored male perspectives, women struggled against having considerably less freedom, rights, and having the burdens society placed on them that had been so ingrained the culture. This is the standpoint the feminists took, and for almost 160 years they have been challenging the “unjust distribution of power in all human relations” starting with the struggle for equality between men and women, and linking that to “struggles for social, racial, political, environmental, and economic justice”(Besel 530 and 531). Feminism, as a complex movement with many different branches, has and will continue to be incredibly influential in changing lives.
The feminist movement helped earn women the right to vote, but even then, it wasn’t enough to get accepted into the workforce. They were given the strength to fight the journey for equality and social justice. There has been known to be three waves of feminism, each wave fighting for a different issue concerning women’s rights. Laws protecting sexual assault and alimony would be enacted, and women were now allowed custody of their children in divorce cases.