Essay On Substance Dualism

1. Substance Dualism Descartes supported a double meaning of "substance." In the first sense, substance is that which spends on itself or does not need something else to exist. In a second sense, substance is the subject from which a series of attributes or properties are preached or attributed. The first sense of substance responds to the problem of creation. In that sense, only God is a substance and "men are only by analogy". This sense of substance emphasizes the characteristics of self-sufficiency and independence. Substance is something absolute and essential.
2. Property Dualism Property dualism is a philosophical position stating that although there is only one kind of substance which is the material, could that there are two kinds of

Monistic Materialism Views
Monism is a philosophical system. They hold that ultimately, there is only one primary substance in the universe. So, for materialistic monism, the primordial substance of the universe would be matter. Monism believes that great explosion (the big bang) gave rise to the universe and only this matter explains reality.
1. Reductive Materialism
In philosophy, reductive materialism indicates that everything that exists can be explained in physical terms. Moreover, all phenomena are only physical phenomena that could be explained by natural laws. Reductive materialism is a theory that postulates that mental states can be reduced to physical states. For example, a belief, a desire or a thought is nothing more than certain physical-chemical or neural configurations of the brain.
2. Behaviorism
Behaviorism explains the human behavior in terms of operant conditioning. Everything that a human does (including ideas and feelings) are behaviors that can be explained in terms of basic physical factors. For example: genetic Inheritance or physical drives. "Also, it is which we refer to as mental activity and it can be explained and defined in terms of our observance" (Prof. Waita P.P.)
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