Human bones and teeth are known for their strong and dense structures. The major component that is being responsible for this property is a mineral called hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite is a mineral that forms through a controlled process of crystalline solid apatite and other various elements. The importance of proper proportions in this process is very significant: all elements (calcium, phosphorous, oxygen, and other ions) need to be available with an adequate amount. 1
In this experiment, solid calcium nitrate, solid diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and aqueous ammonia are used to form calcium hydroxyapatite.
10 Ca(NO3)2 (s) + 6 (NH4)2(HPO4) (s) + 8NH3 (aq) + 2H2O (l) à Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 (s) + 20(NH4)(NO3) (aq)
The product will then be tested in acidic solutions to investigate the solubility of calcium hydroxyapatite. In biological system, hydroxyapatite dissolution increases in the environment where pH level is less than 7. As a result, less hydroxyapatite will be available for the formation of teeth and bones. To minimize the loss of
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We collected 0.994 g of (NH4)2HPO4, which was less than our initial calculations recommended. This caused the (NH4)2HPO4 to be the limiting reagent in our reaction instead of the hydrate, which lowered the amount of hydroxyapatite produced. While transferring the reaction solution into the vacuum filter, some of it was left behind on the walls of the beaker. Also when we took filtered product out of the vacuum funnel, some product was lost, causing our weighed mass of the product to be less than was actually produced in the reaction.. Lastly, while testing the solubility of the product in acid, we did not record the amount of product dissolved in the acids, and so we lost an unknown amount of product in this step as well. All of these losses of product will contribute to a lower percent yield calculation when we weigh the dry sample of the
The experiment was not a success, there was percent yield of 1,423%. With a percent yield that is relatively high at 1,423% did not conclude a successful experiment, because impurities added to the mass of the actual product. There were many errors in this lab due to the product being transferred on numerous occasions as well, as spillage and splattering of the solution. Overall, learning how to take one product and chemically create something else as well as how working with others effectively turned out to be a
I did accomplish the purpose of the lab. First, I determined the percentage of water in alum hydrate, and the percentage of water in an unknown hydrate. The results are reasonable because they are close to the example results. Second, I calculated the water of crystallization of an unknown hydrate. Furthermore, I developed the laboratory skills for analyzing a hydrate.
Conforming to Melmed, Polonsky, Larsen & Kronenberg (2011) the waste products of the blood can form crystals which can collect inside the kidneys and aggregate to form stones. Normally the stones are composed of phosphate, oxalate, uric acid, and magnesium ammonium phosphate, single or combined. The type of stone is determined by the pathogenic mechanisms. When the stones are find in the bladder, ureters, renal tubules and collecting system they tend to be symptomatic. When the urine is oversaturated with the stones constituents the stones are formed. During the passage through the renal tubules the crystals aggregate into stones. In order to allow more time for growth the crystals anchor themselves to the renal tubular epithelium in the renal papillae and Randall’s plaques. The concentration of excreted ions is influenced by the diet. The intake of fluids can reduce the stone formation and growth. A reduction in the sodium int...
I will not add a catalyst to my solution and I will not stir my solution. · I will use 25cm3 of hydrochloric acid. · I will use 1g of calcium carbonate.
Text Box: CaCO3 + HCl = CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid = calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water
Ceramics have high hardness and wear resistance, making them suitable for applications such as the articulating surfaces in joints and bone bonding surfaces in implants. Ceramics like alumina and zirconia are more appropriate to use in joint replacements and dentistry whereas hydroxyapatite or calcium phosphate cements are useful for bone bonding applications which is assist with bone growth and implant integration with surrounding natural bone and tissues (http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=108).
CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
These kinds of polymers have both some advantages and disadvantages. Although they are bioactive and biodegradable and provide high comppressive strength, Degradation of such polymers leads to undesired tissue response due to producing acid formation in degradation process. Metallic scaffolds are another method for bone repair and regenaration. They provide high compressive strength and enormous permanent strength. Metallic scaffolds are mainly made of titanium and talium metals. The main disadvantages of metallic scaffolds are not biodegradable and also discharge metal ions. Recent studies in metallic scaffolds mainly focus on biodegradable materials which can be used improve bioactivity of metals such as titanium.
Normally, teeth stimulate the surrounding bone by compressive and tensile forces, these forces have a piezoelectric effect (which is the ability of a material to give an electric charge in response to mechanical stress) on the crystals and durapatite that synthesize the inorganic
The contraction moulding method can be used to process an acrylic denture base. In this method, bite blocks are fabricated in the lab and sent to the clinic for patient trial. These are then received from the clinic and teeth are mounted onto the bite blocks. The wax is eliminated and teeth are pressurized and attached onto a gypsum mould. (McCabe and Walls. 2008.) Sodium alginate is applied onto the mould to act as a separator to prevent any monomer from the acrylic base seeping into the base and the mould. Acrylic PMMA is applied onto the mould and either heat-cured or auto-polymerized. Both of these curing methods form the...
Na2S203 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) -> 2NaCl (aq) + H20 (l) + SO2 (g) + S (s)
Strong heating of calcium carbonate produces calcium oxide, CaO, and carbon dioxide. tlcQeA from tlcQeA coursewrok tlcQeA work tlcQeA info tlcQeA CaCO3(s) à ƒaO (s) + CO2 (g)coce cer sececew orce cek ince foce ce. Limestone is given the equation CaO, slaked lime is produced when CaO reacts with water, this is where further amount of H2O is added which turns this into a saturated aqueous solution known as limewater. Ca(OH)2 (aq) and is used for tests to show the presence of CO2.
second test tube also add 6 mL of 0.1M HCl. Make a solution of 0.165
Minerals are found worldwide and have countless uses. The mineral gypsum, is just one of the thousands named. Gypsum has always been a critical mineral in the building of innumerable ancient constructions, and is still being used in today’s construction. (The History of Gypsum, 1985) It is speculated that the first use of it was in ancient Greece, where is was called “gypsos”, or “selenite”, but, gypsum’s first recorded usability was in Ancient Egypt, where it was used in the building of the Pyramids. They used the material called “Alabaster” (which is a form of gypsum), but later in the 18th century, they realized that gypsum in its natural and raw state, was much too wet, so they altered it to create the building material called “Plaster
When you eat, plaque forms as the bacteria, saliva and food debris all mix together stick to your teeth. The bacteria start eating the sugar that breaks down from the food, and they produce acid, starting an Acid Attack! During the acid attack, the pH in the mouth drops which makes the tooth’s protective cover, Enamel, weaker and some of it’s minerals dissolve or melt from the acid. This is called demineralization, because it’s losing minerals such as calcium and phospha...