Reservation in India is the process of allocating some percentage of seats (vacancies) in government institutions like educational institutions, jobs for members of backward and under-represented communities (defined primarily by caste and tribe). India has its own interesting history related to the concept of reservation in promotion. Reservation has been prevalent in India for quite some time now. Over the last 65 years of Independence, India’s Constitution has set aside some seats in parliament for people from historically discriminated groups, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Whether to have a reservation/quota system or not is still a debatable question in India and has got mixed responses from different parts of society. When the reservation policy was first framed the constitution of India wanted the political (reservation reservations in Lok sabha and state legislatures) for the following 10 years. There was no time limit on reservation policy related to education and job. Many doesn’t know this and debate on this saying “Why reservation still even after 60 years?”
Caste based reservation has been brought to uplift underprivileged classes at par with privileged or general ones. One important point to note in this regard is that reservation is not an anti-poverty programme. It was enforced by the constitution to provide more opportunities to these backwards. It is also to have representation and equal say in policy making .There are different reservations like reservation for women, reservation for physically challenged, reservation for economically backward class, reservation for Scheduled castes, Tribes etc. But with time its meaning and the way it has been understood by the people has left many of us to believe...
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... to provide punitive measures for transgressions, to eliminate established practices that perpetuate inequities, etc. A number of laws were enacted to implement the provisions in the Constitution. Examples of such laws include The Untouchability Practices Act, 1955, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993, etc.
Affirmative action: Provide positive (preferential) treatment in allotment of jobs and access to higher education as a means to accelerate the integration of the SCs and STs with mainstream society. Affirmative action is popularly known as reservation.
Development: Provide resources and benefits to bridge the socioeconomic gap between the SCs and STs and other communities. Major part played by the Hidayatullah National Law University.
Daily life was influenced in both Ancient India as well as in Ancient China by religion and philosophies. Their caste system, their beliefs, and their well being affected the religion and philosophies.
Thousands of years ago, Indian society developed into a complex system based on different classes. This system is known as the Caste System. It separated Indians into different castes based on what class they were born into. As thousands of years went by, this system grew larger and became further complex (Wadley 189). This system caused frustration for the Indian citizens because they were receiving inequality.
...bers and Indians to achieve parity in the system is to overthrow the system and demand equal treatment and opportunities.
It can be very difficult being different. Sometimes being different scares people. Being judged by people have never met and who do not even know you and they have already labeled you, can lead up to suicide or depression. This feeling was described in the novel Reservation Blues by Sherman Alexie. There is only one reservation in Wellpoint, Washington and it is really never reached on accident because it is not on most maps and it is very rare to find this small city. One of the main characters of the novel is Robert Johnson and he tries to find the women in his dreams to get back the soul he once lost. The novel makes the audience feel what it is like trying to find your identity, race, and suffering. It also makes you realize who the people
Affirmative action is a much debated topic based on the efforts of our government to overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion. Affirmative action is a way of helping minorities in our country get jobs and avoid racial injustice. Many large companies have increased their employment of minorities after adopting these policies (Plous).
The Indian government is corrupted and makes promises it is unable to keep. In The White Tiger, Balram describes that the government is “...the world’s greatest democracy. What a fucking joke.” (Adiga 145). When Balram lived in Laxmangarh his right to vote for the prime minister was taken from him, due to the fact that running candidates pay the current government to make sure they are elected. The government system also enables the rich to get richer. They do this by immensely taxing the poor and enforcing the caste system on the poor. The caste system is a labeling system you were born into and of what you are expected of in life. For example Balram had the caste of Halwai, which is derived from “sweet-maker”. This meant Balram was expected to work...
Affirmative action- a plan to offset past discrimination in employing or educating women, blacks etc. (Websters New World Dictionary.)
Perhaps the biggest failure in the reservation system affecting current times is in the status of laws and jurisdiction. Communal land ownership and federal trust restrictions on land ownership and use inhibit economic development and many land allotments are owned collectively by groups of individuals. Multiple ownership makes it difficult to manage the lands and it reduces benefits to individuals. It is also nearly impossible to use the land as collateral for obtaining loans because of federal protection from encumbrances on trust
Oppression of Native American tribes dates back to their first contact with Christopher Columbus in 1492 and continues to this very day. If the Europeans did not expose weapons, disease, and starvation I believe that the Native American race would be flourishing alongside Americans today. Today Native American unemployment rates are between 50 and 70%. Lack of formal education fuels other social problems like unemployment, poverty, teenage pregnancy, criminality and drug abuse and it forces the Native Americans to accept badly paid jobs causing 25% of Native Americans to live in poverty (Sarche). When arriving in North America, Europeans brought more than warfare between the Native American tribes ultimately
The Indian Act was one of the most defining moments of the twentieth century because this act gave the government a chance to take control over the lives of First Nations peoples on reserves. They took away First Nations peoples’ rights to govern themselves and they were not allowed to vote. The intention of this
The Table of Contents of The Indian Act shows that The Indian Act impacts every area of the Aboriginal Peoples lives. From the right to possess lands, to the ability to make improvements on the land, penalties for trespassing on
“Social exclusion is the process in which individuals or entire communities of people are systematically blocked from (or denied full access to) various rights, opportunities and resources that are normally available to members of a different group, and which are fundamental to social integration within that particular group (e.g., housing, employment, healthcare, civic engagement, democratic participation, and due process).” Social exclusion debars the people from exercising their rights on the basis of caste, gender, colour etc. “For instance people living in dilapidated housing estate, with poor schools and few employment opportunities in the area, may effectively be denied the opportunities for self-betterment that most people in the society have.” A person is socially excluded or left behind because he or she cannot measure up to the standards set by the society. People living in slums or backward areas generally suffer from social exclusion as they are not able to improve their lifestyle which ultimately leads to the vicious circle of poverty with their future generations also suffering the similar fate. This term is widely applied to the groups who were left of the development process. At the time of independence, India was rooted with social customs which were defined by caste system, gender inequality and religion. People were considered outcasts just because of the type of work which was done by them. The trend has not
Affirmative action or positive discrimination can be defined as providing advantages for people of a minority group who are seen to have traditionally been discriminated against. This consists of preferential access to education, employment, health care, or social welfare. In employment, affirmative action may also be known as employment equity. Affirmative action requires that institutions increase hiring and promotion of candidates of mandated groups. (Rubenfeld, 1997, p. 429)
From beginning to end, the novel, “The God of Small Things”, authored by Arundhati Roy, makes you very aware of a class system (caste) that separates people of India in many ways. This separation among each other is surprisingly so indoctrinated in everyone that many who are even disadvantaged by this way of thinking uphold its traditions, perhaps for fear of losing even more than they already have, or simply because they do not know any other way. What’s worse, people seen as the lowest of the low in a caste system are literally called “untouchable”, as described in Roy’s novel, allowing, according to Human Rights Watch:
Discrimination towards minority groups based on their race, gender, and sexual orientation has existed in our society for decades. Till this day these stereotypes and prejudice towards an individual’s race, sexuality, ethnicity, and background still exist. There are particular barriers such as activities and interactions with people occurring daily, as well as plenty of disadvantages for those from different cultural backgrounds other than white. The term racism comes to mind when an individual draws negative thoughts about others due to their biological characteristics. Peggy McIntosh lists a number of conditions in her essay, White privilege, pointing out how her group in other words the advantage of being white protects her from racial