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Factors in mate selection
Disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction
Factors in mate selection
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4. Sex has been around for millions of years, transferring, spreading and exchanging genes from offspring to offspring either asexually or sexually. Although, many species are specific with whom or what they mate with and they also consider the consequences of mating. Sex can have advantages and disadvantages that could lead to offspring or to death. The advantage of sex is recombination. Although, recombination can be broken down into many parts. Recombination created genetic variation leading to differences among living things, forming new species. An example of recombination is humans, or cats, dogs, and other species that can exchange or pass on genes and create offspring that is viable for survival. Examining sex and recombination, the ability for species to have sex and procreate allows the rate of adaptation to increase while in a new environment. Jackson and Colmer researched the stresses of flooding and plants ability to adapt to these changing stresses in their …show more content…
For example, human males may compete to impress a woman by showing their muscles, wearing cologne and dressing presentably. The one with the best traits will please a woman more than the other males. Another example can be seen in birds. Many birds have specific songs to impress female birds, or dances. As we have seen in class the birds of paradise are a great example of competition. If the female is not impressed with their display of dancing and feather, they will fly away letting down the male. But if she is the female will mate. Along with competition is the choice of mates. Females must be able to see what members of their group could be a mate. Some group members may be smaller, or not as adaptive to the environment showing a weakness in the potential for the best offspring. Whereas, a member with attractive traits, that will be able to pass on the best, most effective genes for survival will have a chance at
...there would be more of one gender than the other which may cause a problem in reproducing.
"Persistent female choice for a particular male trait values should erode genitive variance in male traits and thereby remove the benefits of choice, yet choice persists” (Miller, Christine and Allen Moore). This phenomenon is know as the Lek Paradox and has puzzled scientists for many years. Throughout all species there has been abundant evidence showing continuous female choice of male traits, yet there is still no definite answer as to what allows for genetic variance to be maintained, and why a specific trait never becomes fixed. Many hypotheses have been theorized and researched, all providing some explanation as to how this variance in species is maintained, from traits signaling resistance to parasites, according to Hamilton and Zuk, to the hypothesis of mutational and environmental affects. Condition-dependence can also provide information as to how the lek paradox is able to exist; this hypothesis will be looked at in this paper.
In the wild and brutal game of life, the only measure of true success is whether genes are passed on. Like any other animal, this measure of success measures man's success too. For all creatures, to survive is the chance at continuing a gene line, and it is this necessity to continue the line that is innately embedded in man and all other creatures.
Darwin's General Summary and Conclusions of the Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex In the "General Summary and Conclusions" of The Descent of Man, and
Darwin states that this struggle need not be competitive in nature and also entails a species’ efficiency at producing offspring. Natural selection works not as an active entity that seeks and exterminates species that are not suited for their environment; instead, it retains variations that heighten a species’ ability to dominate in the struggle for existence and discards those that are detrimental or useless to that species. Stephen J. Gould explains the case of r-selection in which a species’ chances of survival are most reliant on its ability to reproduce rapidly and not on its structure being ideally suited for its environment. Gould’s example shows the beneficial results of perceiving natural selection not as something that changes a species in accordance with its environment but as something that preserves characteristics beneficial in the s... ...
Natural and sexual selection are not random processes. If there is no difference between the individuals within the species there would be no selection. Sexual selection is related to mating, it acts on individual’s ability to obtain or successfully copulate with a partner. The idea of sexual selection was introduced by Charles Darwin in 1871; he revealed that there are organisms with traits which are not explained by the concept natural selection, for example the tail of a male peacock. His found two main ways in which sexual selection works, these are intra-sexual competition and inter-sexual selection. Intra sexual competition happens within species, usually between males. They compete against each other to be chosen as a mate by a member of opposite sex. Inter-sexual selection is choosing a mate among the members of opposite sex, usually done by females.
According to Darwin and his theory on evolution, organisms are presented with nature’s challenge of environmental change. Those that possess the characteristics of adapting to such challenges are successful in leaving their genes behind and ensuring that their lineage will continue. It is natural selection, where nature can perform tiny to mass sporadic experiments on its organisms, and the results can be interesting from extinction to significant changes within a species.
In order to understand the present lifestyles relating to different approaches and tactics applied by humans in mate choice preferences, there is the need to refer to Darwin (1859, 1871) evolutionary perspectives. Darwin (1871) sexual selection is the driving force for males and females reproductive quest for their genes survival. These driving forces have been classified into two categories as intra-sexual and intersexual mate selection.Intersexual selection is male sexual selection process whereby males compete with other males and the females choose the strongest as their ideal partner. Intra-sexual selection occurs when the male species fight among themselves and the strongest gain access to females for
Many scientists in the past, such as Aristotle and Plato, believed that there were no changes in populations; however, other scientists, such as Darwin and Wallace, arose and argued that species inherit heritable traits from common ancestors and environmental forces drives out certain heritable traits that makes the species better suited to survive or be more “fit” for that environment. Therefore, species do change over a period of time and they were able to support their theory by showing that evolution does occur. There were four basic mechanisms of evolution in their theory: mutation, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection. Natural selection is the gradual process by which heritable traits that makes it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce increases, whereas there is a decline in those who do have those beneficial heritable traits (Natural Selection). For example, there is a decrease in rain which causes a drought in the finches’ environment. The seeds in the finches’ environment would not be soft enough for the smaller and weaker beak finches to break; therefore, they cannot compete with the larger and stronger beak finches for food. The larger and stronger beak finches has a heritable trait that helps them survive and reproduce better than others for that particular environment which makes them categorized under natural selection (Freeman, 2002).
Reproduction is one of the most powerful sources known on this earth. Reproduction allows animal, plants, and other organisms to thrive for generations. All organisms have to reproduce, otherwise their species will simply die out. Out of all of the organisms that reproduce, some of the most interesting include social insects of the Hymenoptera order. Social insects exhibit various interesting traits and strategies that they use for reproduction, such as the formation of a queen, worker reproduction, queen signaling or control, and sexual selection. Many of these traits and strategies can be seen in social wasp populations.
...ionary history, both men and women have evolved mechanisms that have functioned to solve adaptive problems that they encounter in pursuing successful long-term and short-term mating. These mechanisms along with behavior constitute the evolved sexual strategies of men and women. "Strategies are defined as evolved solutions to adaptive problems, with no consciousness or awareness on the part of the strategist implied (Buss, Schmitt 206)."
Darwin writes on how a species will adapt to its environment given enough time. When an animal gains a genetic edge over its competitors, be they of the same species or of another genus altogether, the animal has increased its chance of either procreation or adaptation. When this animal has this beneficial variance, the advantage becomes his and because of this, the trait is then passed on to the animals offspring.
With an increasing knowledge and understanding of the natural world including ourselves we are now in a position to manage not only our environment but also our own biology including our reproduction. This does not only have consequences for individuals but also for society and even the world at large.
The Use of Recombinant DNA I agree that recombinant DNA benefits humans only to a certain extent though. During the late 1960s and early 1970s a series of independent discoveries made in rapid succession yielded a new technology whereby humans have the capability to manipulate and direct the very evolution of life itself. This is accomplished through the process of gene splicing (Recombinant DNA). There are four essential elements of the process: a method of breaking and joining DNA molecules from different sources, a gene carrier that can replicate both itself and the foreign DNA, a means of introducing the foreign DNA into a functional bacteria cell, and a method of selecting from a large population the cells which carry the foreign DNA. Using procedures like recombinant DNA, many human genes have been cloned in E. coli or in yeast.
Evolution is defined as the process in which there is a change in allele frequency within a population over successive generations, in response to evolutionary forces (Ridley, 2004). The rate of evolution is a measure of how quickly these allele frequency changes take to establish within a population. Evolution is a highly complex process, due to the numerous contributing factors that influence it (Hamilton, 2009). Therefore the rate at which it occurs varies greatly, influenced by a combination of factors such as the mutation rate, the type of mutation, population size and life history traits of taxonomic groups (Frean, 2013). The rate at which evolution occurs is an aspect of Evolutionary Biology that remains highly disputed,