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Daisy Thomas Livingston and Dora Strong Dennis both experienced different and similar experiences during the early and mid-1900’s. The Jim Crow Laws came about that gave the meaning to any state law passed in the south that established different rules for blacks and whites. Daisy Thomas Livingston was born on March 25, 1926 in Greenwood, Mississippi. Livingston didn’t grow up on a farm but grew up in a subdivision. There was a work place called the Buckeye Oil Mill. The oil mill made cottonseed oil which extracted the seed from the cotton and made oil. Mostly the men worked the cotton fields. Mississippi during the 1950’s and 1960’s were a series of destructive racial segregation laws that were put in place during the early 20th century that led to the Jim Crow Laws. This resulted in the emigration of almost half a million people; three quarters of them were black. At the age of 18 Livingston was married and started to attend Valley State in 1951. She wanted a new start in a different part of Mississippi. The women back then were under segregation and were excluded from different jobs that most of them worked as maids. The working class woman during this era was earning less money than a black man doing the same job. However black men would do …show more content…
more of the yard work such as working in the fields. During this time the Great Depression was catastrophic mostly towards the black males. When the men worked at the Buckeye Oil Mill and cotton fields it became extremely difficult to hold their jobs. Livingston watched as this caused blacks to be laid off from their jobs. She remembers the Great Depression hurting her dad the most which caused a lot of issues. School was very important during these times. The difference between Livingston and Dennis was that Livingston was able to fulfill her education in school while Dennis didn’t attend school because she had to work. Livingston was a very smart girl in school. Very few blacks received any education at all until public schools were established during the reconstruction time period. In class Livingston remembers being separated from the whites. The black schools had fewer books and horrible buildings. Black teachers and parents worked to improve schools but the city and county school boards gave less money for black schools than white schools. “But I never liked being made to feel like a second class citizen. Of course I never liked that”. –Livingston When Livingston would work they were taught Negro spirituals. They were passed were passed on for years which expressed a yearning for a better life and the need for a closer walk with god. The spirituals often revealed the struggles for survival and reflect worship experiences that expressed their hope for possibilities. She remembers doing a verse to make the song so it will be more interesting. Female African American nurses had it harder than most. They were in a profession still striving for equality and respect within the medical community. During the Jim Crow Era was the effect on the health care of African Americans. Between poverty and racism this put blacks in the south in a very compromising position. Blacks had to endure poor living conditions and the lack of available medical care due to the Jim Crow Laws. In the hospital that she worked in due to segregation blacks and whites were put into different sections of the hospital. Voting was also a big issue during Livingston’s time. Law and practices were put in to make sure blacks would not freely participate in elections. The only problem was the 15th Amendment which granted blacks the right to vote. Mississippi led the way in overcoming the barrier presented by the 15th Amendment. Years later her husband joined the military. Black men were serving in all combat service elements and were involved in all major combat operations. The most Livingston remembers when she was younger was her grade school teacher. He taught her a lot about herself and the person that she had become. Dora Strong Dennis was born on November, 6th, 1900 in Mississippi in the country.
Dennis and her family moved to Arkansas. During the early 1900’s opportunities for better work. They had little choice but to attempt to achieve group advancement through economic initiatives and pursuit of better work. Dennis’s mom had become a nurse. This job was very common to have during this time. Instead of going to school she worked. Things were a lot different in the early 1900’s than it was in the 1930’s and 1940’s. Dennis more of a church going person. Church was very important to the family. They relied heavily on their churches. It made them retain their faith in God and found refuge in their churches even when it was
segregated. Livingston and Dennis were both strong women who endured similarities and differences during their lifetime. Livingston was more educated than Dennis. Both women were hard workers who had to go through many struggles as two black women.
1. Where did Barbara Anderson’s fieldwork take place and what was the goal of her research?
C. Vann Woodward’s most famous work, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, was written in 1955. It chronicles the birth, formation, and end of Jim Crow laws in the Southern states. Often, the Jim Crow laws are portrayed as having been instituted directly after the Civil War’s end, and having been solely a Southern brainchild. However, as Woodward, a native of Arkansas points out, the segregationist Jim Crow laws and policies were not fully a part of the culture until almost 1900. Because of the years of lag between the Civil War/Reconstruction eras and the integration and popularity of the Jim Crow laws, Woodward advances that these policies were not a normal reaction to the loss of the war by Southern whites, but a result of other impetuses central to the time of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
On the night of Saturday, February 1, 2014, I sat down with my grandfather, David Latta, to conduct an interview with him. He currently lives in Clarkston, Michigan, in the newly refurbished basement in my mother's house, along with my step-father, sister, and her son. One could say that my mother's household is quite the crowded nest, with four generation living under one roof. The perspective my grandfather obtains from living in such an atmosphere, is not only something I kept in mind while conducting this interview, but something that guided my questions.
Van Pelt, Lori. "Discovering Her Strength: The Remarkable Transformation of Nellie Tayloe Ross." Annals of Wyoming 74(2002): 4.
Sarah Breedlove “Madam C.J Walker” was born in Louisiana to former slaves on December 23, 1867. She was the first member of her family to be born “free,” and used this opportunity to have a better life. She married Moses McWilliams and gave birth to her first daughter, Lelia, on June 6, 1885. Unfortunately, soon after her daughter’s second birthday her husband was killed in an accident. She found a job as a laundress in St. Louis, Missouri and thus provided her daughter with an education that she never had the chance to get.
It’s not easy to build an ideal family. In the article “The American Family” by Stephanie Coontz, she argued that during this century families succeed more when they discuss problems openly, and when social institutions are flexible in meeting families’ needs. When women have more choices to make their own decisions. She also argued that to have an ideal family women can expect a lot from men especially when it comes to his involvement in the house. Raymond Carver, the author of “Where He Was: Memories of My Father”, argued how his upbringing and lack of social institutions prevented him from building an ideal family. He showed the readers that his mother hide all the problems instead of solving them. She also didn’t have any choice but to stay with his drunk father, who was barely involved in the house. Carvers’ memoir is relevant to Coontz argument about what is needed to have an ideal family.
Jim Crow laws were a formal, codified system of racial apartheid that dominated the American South for three quarters of a century beginning in the 1890s. (Jim Crow Laws, PBS). Jim Crow laws had the same ideals that slave codes had. At this time slavery had been abolished, but because of Jim Crow, the newly freed black people were still looked at as inferior. One of the similarities between slave codes and Jim Crow laws was that both sets of laws did not allow equal education opportunities. The schools were separated, of course, which cause the white schools to be richer and more advanced in education than black schools. This relates to slave codes because slaves were not allowed to read which hindered their learning of when they were able to read and write. Another similarity is alcohol. In the Jim Crow era persons who sold beer or wine were not allowed to serve both white and colored people, so they had to sell to either one or the other. This is similar to slave codes because in most states slaves were not allowed to purchase whiskey at all, unless they had permission from their owners. Slaves did not eat with their white owners. In the Jim Crow era whites and blacks could not eat together at all, and if there was some odd circumstance that whites and blacks did eat together then the white person was served first and there was usually something in between them. This relates to slave codes because
Work and racial consciousness are themes during the Civil Rights Movement that made Anne Moody’s autobiography a unique story. Her amazing story gave the reader a great deal of insight on what it was like to live in rural Mississippi in the middle of a Civil Rights Movement. As an African American woman, she also provided the reader on how her gender and race impacted her life. Coming to Age in Mississippi was an awe-inspiring autobiography of the life of Anne Moody, and provided a lot of information about the social and political aspects of what was going on during her life.
C. Vann Woodward’s The Strange Career of Jim Crow looks into the emergence of the Jim Crow laws beginning with the Reconstruction era and following through the Civil Rights Movement. Woodward contends that Jim Crow laws were not a part of the Reconstruction or the following years, and that most Jim Crow laws were in place in the North at that particular time. In the South, immediately after the end of slavery, most white southerners, especially the upper classes, were used to the presence and proximity of African Americans. House slaves were often treated well, almost like part of the family, or a favored pet, and many upper-class southern children were raised with the help of a ‘mammy’ or black nursery- maid. The races often mixed in the demi- monde, and the cohabitation of white men and black women were far from uncommon, and some areas even had spe...
Although there were numerous efforts to attain full equality between blacks and whites during the Civil Rights Movement, many of them were in vain because of racial distinctions, white oppression, and prejudice. Anne Moody’s Coming of Age in Mississippi recounts her experiences as a child growing up in Centreville, Mississippi. She describes how growing up in Mississippi in a poor black family changed her views of race and equality, and the events that took place that changed her life forever. She begins her story at the tender age of 4, and describes how her home life changed drastically with the divorce of her parents, the loss of her home, and the constant shuffle from shack to shack as her mother tried to keep food on the table with the meager pay she earned from the numerous, mostly domestic, jobs she took. On most days, life was hard for Anne, and as she got older she struggled to understand why they were living in such poverty when the white people her mother worked for had so many nice things, and could eat more than bread and beans for dinner. It was because of this excessive poverty that Anne had to go into the workforce at such an early age, and learn what it meant to have and hold a job in order to provide her family. Anne learned very young that survival was all about working hard, though she didn’t understand the imbalance between the work she was doing and the compensation she received in return.
After the Civil War, in 1865, the southern plantation owners were left with minimal labor. They were bitter over the outcome of the war and wanted to keep African Americans under their control. Black Codes were unique to the southern states, and each state had their own variation of them. In general, the codes compelled the freedmen to work. Any unemployed black could be arrested and charged with vagrancy. The ones that did work had hours, duties, and types of jobs dictated to them. Codes were also developed to restrict blacks from becoming successful. They discouraged owning and selling property, and raising and selling their own crops. Blacks were often prohibited from entering town without written permission from a white employer. A black found after 10 p.m. without a note could be arrested. Permission was even required from a black’s employer to live in a town! Section 5 of the Mississippi Black Codes states that every second January, blacks must show proof of residence and employment. If they live in town, a note from the mayor must b...
Blacks were discriminated almost every aspect of life. The Jim Crow laws helped in this discrimination. The Jim Crow laws were laws using racial segregation from 1876 – 1965 at both a social and at a state level.
Porcha Petteway was an African American female and devoted Christian with many accomplishments in her lifetime. An autobiography has been written detailing what life was like for her with an emphasis in her senior years. It is the year 2084 and Porcha Petteway has passed away at the age of 100. Up until the day she passed Porcha was married to her husband for 73 years. They had two children together both girls. The life event of marriage allowed her to obtain many financial resources than those of the single population. Being married allowed Porcha to participate in private pension plans due to their lifetime income being combined and much higher than usual. She was able to live a life full of greater satisfaction as an advantage of being married. As Porcha entered old age her family structure remained rich, certain, close and tight knit. She had an unp...
Jim Crow Laws, enforced in 1877 in the south, were still being imposed during the 1930s and throughout. These laws created segregation between the two races and created a barrier for the Blacks. For example, even though African Americans were allowed to vote, southern states created a literary test exclusively for them that was quite difficult to pass, since most Blacks were uneducated. However, if they passed the reading test, they were threatened with death. Also, they had to pay a special tax to vote, which many African Americans could not afford.
In the early 1940’s Marie was born into a small tight knit family living in a small rural Kentucky town. Marie is now in her seventies and has led a very interesting life traveling the country, raising four children, and shaping her chosen profession. Our interview sessions were conducted over a period of time, as Marie is very active and has little “free time” to spare.