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War and love in a farewell to arms
The thematic preoccupation in A farewell to arms by ernest hemingway
The thematic preoccupation in A farewell to arms by ernest hemingway
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No Happy Ending in A Farewell to Arms
Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms is a tragic story of love and war. There has been a great deal of controversy over the ending of the novel in which Catherine Barkley died from massive hemorrhaging following an unsuccessful Caesarean operation. While such a horrific event to end a novel may not be popular, it is the soundest ending that Hemingway could have written. A Farewell to Arms is a war novel and Catherine's death brings a conclusion that is consistent with the theme and context of the novel. The novel was written with a war wrought cynicism that is reflected in the attitude of Lieutenant Frederick Henry as the war changes the way he looks at life. As the war continued at the end of the novel, there was no place for a happy ending with Frederick and Catherine.
There are many instances throughout the novel that foreshadow Catherine's death. In a conversation between Frederick and Nurse Ferguson, Frederick said of his relationship with Catherine: "`We don't fight'" and Nurse Ferguson replied: "`You'll die then. Fight or die. That's what people do" (108). Although Ferguson was speaking skeptically about the chance of Frederick and Catherine remaining happily in love and ever getting married, she did predict a tragic outcome that somewhat ironically is exactly what happens to Catherine.
Just before Frederick left to go back to the front, he and Catherine went to a hotel together. During a quite time in the hotel room Frederick recited from a poem by Marvell:
"``But at my back I always hear
Time's winged chariot hurrying near''" (154).
This allusion to death reflects Frederick's worries about going back to the front. It is interesting that h...
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.... They've broken me. I know it now . . . it's awful. They just keep it up till thy break you'" (323). Unfortunately it was already too late for Catherine and she knew this as she told Frederick: "`Sometimes I know I'm going to die'" (323). Frederick knew that she would die as well, but still prayed that she would be spared. Catherine was set up throughout the novel as "very good," "very gentle" and "very brave" and one who would not be broken. Even though she admitted to being broken in the end, it is only facing her own death and the thought of leaving behind Frederick that she was broken. For the novel to have ended any other way would have been inconsistent with the theme that life and death are not fair and death strikes without regard for goodness, gentleness and bravery.
Works Cited
Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York, NY: Scriber, 1929
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Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois. His mother, Grace Hall, was a trained opera singer and later on, a music teacher. His father, Clarence Hemingway, was a doctor and an avid naturalist ("Ernest Hemingway: An Inventory”). Just after graduating high school, at the age of eighteen, Hemingway enlisted in the army to fight in World War I ("The Big Read"). After being severely wounded in the war, he moved to Paris in 1921, and devoted himself to writing fiction (Baker). It is said that, “No American writer is more associated with writing about war in the early 20th century than Ernest Hemingway” (Putnam). Hemingway’s book A Farewell to Arms was published in 1929, and was based off of the events that happened to him in the war and what happened in his love life. Fredrick Henry, the protagonist, is an American ambulance driver fighting for the allies during World War I. He is introduced to a nurse named Catherine, who he later on falls in love with. Henry was hit by a trench mortar shell and was very badly injured. He is then sent to Milan, where Catherine later on comes to help nurse him to health. The two fall in love and Henry no longer is involved with the war, so they try and have a child, but both Catherine and the child die during labor, and Henry is left alone. Psychoanalytical approach views the psychological motivations of characters, which refer to the dynamics of personality development and behavior based on the unconscious motivations of a person ("Psychoanalytic Theory”). Hemingway’s writing was greatly impacted by his real life tragedies, which consist of witnessing the gruesomeness of war and his discovery and loss of love, this helps exhibi...
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