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The key principles of fairness and equity
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EQUITY AND TRUSTS ASSESSMENT TWO ESSAY BY: MUHAMMAD EL-JRADI, 17734989 DUE DATE: 13 APRIL 2016 In Kakavas v Crown Melbourne Ltd [2013] HCA 25 and Perpetual Trustees Victoria Ltd v Burns [2015] WASC 234, [224], the courts delivered significant judgments relating to the equitable principles concerning unconscionable conduct which in the instance of the Kakavas case, it is possible to establish that the view of the High Court of Australia was partially influenced by setting a precedent in similar matters where a special disability is purported to exist such as matters where habitual gambling is positivity stimulated by the venue operators. The argument that an unconscionable contract is one which no fully capable and intellectually sound individual …show more content…
It is further arguable that the deterrence of unconscionable conduct is the superseding intention of equitable principles. The argument that unconscionable conduct and its prevention for the purpose of equitable principles is strongly supported by the judgment within Legione v Hateley (1983) 152 CLR 406; 57 ALJR 292 in which the High Court particularly found the equitable jurisdiction should be based to release the defendant from penalties relating to their unconscionable conduct within the contract. Within Legione v Hateley, Mason and Deane JJ jointly further stated the fundamental principle in which equity acts should not allow a party to exercise any legal right to amount to unconscionable conduct. Further, the principle judgment delivered by Mason CJ within Baumgartner v Baumgartner (1987) 164 CLR 137; 62 ALJR 29 makes clear that within the property dispute as to the legal title, the avoidance of unconscionable conduct on the part taken by an individual outlines the essential concept of equity. The High Court established an equitable remedy of constructive trust on this basis of the prevention of unconscionable
The decision of the House of Lords in City of London Building Society v Flegg marks a key stage in how the balance is drawn between occupiers and creditors in priority disputes; the seeds of which were originally planted in the Law of Property Act 1925. It posed a serious challenge to the conventional understanding of overreaching and the machinery of conveyancing.Ref ?
The parties to the case are the respondents, Mr and Mrs Amadio and the appellants, The Commercial Bank of Australia. The respondents were two Italian migrants of advanced age, both with limited knowledge of the English language2 and limited formal education.3 Their son’s, Vincenzo Amadio’s company, V. Amadio Builders Pty. Ltd was known to the bank and to the bank manager, Mr Virgo.4 As of October 1976, the company exceeded its overdraft limit of $80,000 and from this time onwards, the company continued to be unable to repay the amount owed.
To give conventions justiciable entitlement would be taking away from the highly advantageous flexibility that the UK Constitution has attained from remaining uncodified. Further, the large volume of conventions may provide a difficulty in enforcing them within the courts. In contrast, it could be argued that codifying select conventions may bring certainty to many unclear areas, such as defining the Ministerial Code partly did, thus providing an easier structure for conventions to be enforced legally. However, conventions are merely seen as a moral and political obligations, and should not upon breach have legally enforceable consequences. The argument against whether the court should enforce conventions will be supported and discussed in this essay.
Equity means giving every individual what he or she merits or, in more conventional terms, giving every individual his or her due. Equity and reasonableness are nearly related terms that are frequently today utilized conversely. There have, be that as it may, additionally been more unmistakable understandings of the two terms. While equity normally has been utilized with reference to a standard of rightness, decency frequently has been utilized as to a capacity to judge without reference to one 's emotions or intrigues; reasonableness has additionally been utilized to allude to the capacity to make judgments that are not excessively general but rather that are concrete and particular to a specific case. Regardless, an idea of desert is significant to both equity and decency. Case in point, are requesting what they think they merit when they are requesting that they be treated with equity and decency. At the point when individuals contrast over what they accept ought to be given, or when choices must be
The Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England & Wales. - Counsel [24] See footnote 22 – but page 61 [25] GEOFFREY, Marshall, Constitutional Theory, Clarendon Law Series, Oxford 1971 Chapter1 – the Law and the constitution, part 3. Dicey’s doctrine and its critics. [26] REGINA v HER MAJESTY'S TREASURY, Ex parte SMEDLEY, [COURT OF APPEAL], [1985] Q B 657, 19 December 1984, (c)2001 The Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England & Wales [27] MITCHELL, JDB, Constitutional Law, 2nd edition, Edinburgh, W Green & SON LTD, 1968, Convention, page 31 [28] See footnote 22 but page 64
Given that it lies within the domain of equity, the case law indicates a great flexibility in its application, both in the substantive requirements of proof demanded by the courts and in the manner in which the courts will satisfy the equity. It is the first of these aspects of the doctrine that I will examine in this essay. I will look at the shift in the evidentiary requirements and what a representation (or an assurance of rights), a reliance (a change of position on the basis of that assurance) and a detriment (or unconscionable disadvantage) - the three pre-requisites for a successful claim - have come to mean with regard to case law and in particular the judgement of Judge Robert Walker in the Court of Appeal in Gillett v. Holt[1], in which the plaintiff had been given repeated assurances over many decades that he would inherit the defendant's estate, and remained in service to him at least p... ... middle of paper ... ... operty, 16th Ed, Butterworths K. Gray & S.F Gray - Land Law, 2nd Ed, Butterworths Professor Cedric D Bell - Land: The Law of Real Property, 3rd Ed, Old
The law of contract in many legal systems requires that parties should act in good faith. English law refuses to impose such a general doctrine of good faith in the field of contract law. However, despite not recognizing the principle, English contract law is still influenced by notions of good faith. As Lord Bingham affirmed, the law has developed numerous piecemeal solutions in response to problems of unfairness. This essay will seek to examine the current and future state of good faith in English contract law.
Terence Etherton (2008) – Constructive trusts: a new model for equity and unjust enrichment. Cambridge Law Journal
Despite it’s longevity, consideration is not without criticism. Lord Goff observed in White v Jones that: ‘our law of contract is widely seen as deficient in the sense that it is perceived to be hampered by the presence of an unnecessary doctrine of consideration’. Abolition has been urged. Since the publication of the Law Revision Committee’s report in 1937, la...
However, it is not the responsibility of my actions to ensure the fulfillment of another persons goals. These principles create an equal distribution of the "pie", if you will, yet it is not attainable unless pursued or strived for. There is no room for idle observation, meaning, that while we all possess equal opportunity as we all are equally moral persons, the choice of what you wish to possess materially as well as intellectually is the discretion and capability of the individual. Why should we accept these principles as principles of justice? Primarily, these principles promote equality among all.
The notion provides the accused the right to a fair trial and an independent jury, access to justice and most importantly, equality before the law thus preserving and correlating to the Rule of Law. This is reflected through Article 10 of the UDHR signed by the Australian Government, tracing back to the Magna Carta displaying many of the article’s principles. The document like Procedural Fairness, displays principles of being judged fairly and impartially when on trial additionally equality before the law for everyone. In the decision of Momcilovic v The Queen 2011, Judge, Justice Heydon, made numerous links with fundamental human rights such as Procedural Fairness to the Magna Carta therefore exhibiting the link. It has been therefore displayed how the notion of Procedural Fairness can be linked to the Magna Carta and preserving the Rule of law reflecting society’s values and
courts, if a plaintiff were to bring an action to court, it need to be
In evaluating any moral decision, we must ask whether our actions treat all persons equally. If not, we must determine whether the difference in treatment is justified: are the criteria we are using relevant to the situation at hand? But justice is not the only principle to consider in making ethical decisions. Sometimes principles of justice may need to be overridden in favor of other kinds of moral claims such as rights or society's welfare. Nevertheless, justice is an expression of our mutual recognition of each other's basic dignity, and an acknowledgement that if we are to live together in an interdependent community we must treat each other as equals.
The resolution of disputes through alternative dispute resolution mechanisms has gained momentum over recent decades. It has increasingly occupied space in the academic literature as the “new” method to achieve “justice” for disputing parties. It is important to note that a variety of definitions of “justice” can be relied upon. However, in many cases, justice will mean the parties being able to resolve their dispute fairly, justly and amicably by applying law or legal principles. Traditional legal mechanisms for resolving disputes have been increasingly questioned as to whether they are actually capable of achieving justice in individual cases.
The courts of England and Wales acknowledge that the above must be something of value, in order to amount to consideration. A valuable consideration in the perspective of the English La...