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Technological advancement in healthcare in the united states
Chapter 2 electrophysiology
Technology in healthcare in the last 10 years
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Medicine and electronics are rapidly becoming a common partnership. Electronics and medicine has been around for over a hundred years. This application can be seen in early X-ray machines, as well as early doctors and healers who felt that electricity possessed something special that assisted the healing process of many illnesses and injuries. But it has not been the last forty to fifty years that the development and refinement of electricity as medical agent has occurred. Today the medical field can not imagine itself without the assistance of electricity and electronic components.
In recent years some of the major development has occurred in one particular field of
Medicine, electric stimulation. Electric stimulation is the application of electric current in treatment without the generation of intense heat. This includes electric stimulation of nerves or muscles, passage of current into the body, or use of interrupted current of low intensity to raise the threshold of the skin to pain.
Studies suggested this therapy is applied to conditions such as ulcers, traumatic or burn wounds, osteoarthritis, and cancer. Electrical stimulation is simply the application of electrical pulses to the body, whether it is for function or therapy. The classical and common example is that of the cardiac pacemaker. The range of clinical uses of electrical stimulation has and is growing wider and includes: pain relief (often known as TENS - Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation), maintaining or increasing range of movement, muscle strengthening, facilitation of voluntary motor function, and orthotic training or substitution.
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is a branch off of electrical stimulation. The term FES is applied to systems, which attempt to restore, lost or impaired neuromuscular function. This would include such things as standing and walking in cases of paraplegia, by the application of electrical pulses to neural pathways or, but less often, directly to muscles. FES is also sometimes known as Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation or FNS. (http://medicaledu.com:80/estim.htm, 1999)
At the electrode-tissue interface, where the electrode and actual body come into contact, a conversion occurs between the current of electrons passing through the wires and the current of ions moved within the tissue. Then through this externally applied current, the depolarisation of nerve and muscle to threshold is produced by the transport of ions across the tissue membrane. There are several factors that determine whether sufficient current flows is taking place: impedance of body tissues, electrode size and position, and stimulation parameters.
In the beginning phases of muscle contraction, a “cocked” motor neuron in the spinal cord is activated to form a neuromuscular junction with each muscle fiber when it begins branching out to each cell. An action potential is passed down the nerve, releasing calcium, which simultaneously stimulates the release of acetylcholine onto the sarcolemma. As long as calcium and ATP are present, the contraction will continue. Acetylcholine then initiates the resting potential’s change under the motor end plate, stimulates the action potential, and passes along both directions on the surface of the muscle fiber. Sodium ions rush into the cell through the open channels to depolarize the sarcolemma. The depolarization spreads. The potassium channels open while the sodium channels close off, which repolarizes the entire cell. The action potential is dispersed throughout the cell through the transverse tubule, causing the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release
Immediately following this summarization, she jumps right into her accusatory tone, using the terms “soft outrage” and “hashtag activism” to explain what celebrities are doing by posting about these events on their various social media sites. Cupp coins the term early on in her article, retorting “… one only needs to look back at some recent examples of other horrifying atrocities to know that mere symbolism and solidarity -- what I call the weapons of "soft outrage" -- will not be enough to stamp out terrorism in Europe or anywhere else (par. 7). Later, she adds another made-up term into reader’s vocabulary, “hashtag activism.” She defines this by commenting “even though [#BringBackOurGirls] went viral… hashtag activism hasn 't proven very effective in the face of violent Islamic extremism” (Cupp, par.
During the later part of the 19th century magents were used to induce neuronal activity; however, in the later part of the 20th century, Barker and his colleagues illustrated that magnetic stimulation in human motor cortexes produces depolarization of cortical areas (Eitan, & Lerer, 2006). TMS is a noninvasive therapeutic technique where an electromagnetic coil is put above the awake patient’s scalp and then magnetic pulses are moved throughout the brain (George, Lisanby, & Sackeim, 1999). The magnetic pulses and coil combine to create an electrical activity in the cortical tissue which can cause localized neuronal depolarization. Not only has TMS been the topic of many recent research studies, but deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (deepTMS) has also been researched to decipher the effectiveness for treating depression. DeepTMS is when the coils have been designed to create a more intense electrical field deep in the brain tissue. DeepTMS uses several separate points of projection around the periphery of the brain while minimizing the electrical charge to the br...
The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader about Wilder Penfield and his research over electric brain stimulation. This essay will give a brief biography of Wilder Penfield, a description of his research, and finally discuss the insight his experiments provided and the influence they had on our body and behavior in general.
Due to the development of safer and less traumatic ways of administering ECT, the treatment has made a comeback, is greatly used, and proves to be effective. B. Historical Context The original use of electricity as a cure for “insanity” dates back to the beginning of the 16th century when electric fish were used to treat headaches. Electroconvulsive therapy on humans originates from research in the 1930’s into the effects of camphor-induced seizures in people with schizophrenia ( Guttmacher, 1994).
Electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, is a highly effective yet controversial psychiatric method that involves sending electric shockwaves into the brain to cure various mental ailments. Because the populace is not typically educated by psychiatrists on techniques such as ECT, their knowledge comes from inaccurate, and mostly negative, descriptions in the media dictated by non-psychiatrists. Additionally, many patient families are skeptical of ECT because it is not common practice to allow non-medical staff in the therapy room. Furthermore, some psychiatrists perceive this treatment as callous because it is occasionally used without the consent of a patient, should they not be mentally stable. Moreover, because of strong public opposition, ECT
In their inactive state neurons have a negative potential, called the resting membrane potential. Action potentials changes the transmembrane potential from negative to positive. Action potentials are carried along axons, and are the basis for "information transportation" from one cell in the nervous system to another. Other types of electrical signals are possible, but we'll focus on action potentials. These electrical signals arise from ion fluxes produced by nerve cell membranes that are selectively permeable to different ions.
Moreover, cyberbullying has longer effects through a child’s life, leading the victims to turn into victim-bullies (Donegan 1). Victim bullies take their own frustrations on bullying others as an escape to help them cope with their pain caused by cyberbullying. In addition, it’s been reported that bullies commit at least one crime as an adult whereas victim-bullies commit a 23 percent higher than of the bullies (Donegan 4). Konnikova doesn’t mention that bullies also need help as much as the victims, but not all bullies are born that way. In fact, most of them have been bullied before or they have psychological problems (Donegan 5). Indeed, people should take this statistics as a wakeup call to help cyberbullies to cope with their frustrations to lower the numbers of victims, to create a better childhood, and a healthier adolescence for a better
Throughout history, treatments for Parkinson's disease have been informed by the technology available at the time. Ablation was widespread until medicines that provided superior effectiveness were discovered. Deep brain stimulation -not a new technology when it came into use as a PD treatment in the 1990s, but one whose potential had not been realized -provided further improvements, allowing for treatment when medications ceased to work. Deep brain stimulation allowed for a very powerful tool in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, but not one that was without risks. As our understanding of the brain becomes more sophisticated, the mechanisms by which deep brain stimulation works are becoming more clear, allowing it to be used more effectively, with fewer side effects, and with less risk of harm to the patient during surgery and after.
(e.g., Rhudy, Williams, McCabe, Nguyen, & Rambo, 2005; Terry et al., 2011). For the Ischema Pain Test the individuals were to exercise their hand with 50% of their maximum grip for a total time of 2 minutes. Next, blood was drained from the arm by elevating it above their shoulder for 15 seconds. Then, a blood pressure cuff was placed around the forearm and inflated in order to obstruct blood flow to their hand. The Ischema test is measured in the amount of time for the individual to achieve a 50 or greater on the NRS. To test the NFR the researchers used 3 diodes placed on the participant’s sural nerve to provide electrical impulses directly to the sural nerve. These impulses went in a ladder pattern that ascended and descended in order to give the individual the stimulation of pain. The stimulus was given at 8-12 second intervals and the participants were asked to translate their pain to the NRS for every section of the test. Each time the power of the electrical shock is increased by 1 mA (milliAmp) and an EMG on the bicep was recorded the whole time. For the Electrical Pain Assessment a single shock was induced to each participant and every time it was increased by 2 mA until they reached 100 on the NRS. The researchers did not exceed 50 mA during this test as to not cause
○ A nerve stimulator. This is a device that activates the nerve and causes your muscles to
One of the biggest and growing problems today for kids and teens are bullies and they can’t escape them because now, we have cyber bullies. Some people think that prosecuting cyber bullies is the only thing that will help kids. However, other people think that prosecuting cyber bullies is a too much for just some hurt feelings. But, it's not just some hurt feelings, there are emotional and physical effects some so severe they may lead to self harm. All things considered, cyber bullies should be prosecuted because it's becoming too common, has an emotional impact on kids, and is easier than regular bullying.
The initial reason why anyone who cyberbullies should be criminally accused is due to their harmful behavior that can result in people getting seriously hurt both mentally and physically. If the bully is convicted, cyberbullying can be stopped! As directly stated in the Radio Interview of source one “Cyberbullying can also lead to kids getting physically injured.” This statement further emphasizes why the outcome of this act should be punishable by law. Due to the fact that individuals face violent behavior, it could mean suicide for the victim. In no shape or form should this be tolerated since lives are taken due to the
Cyberbullying is becoming more and more frequent amongst the younger generation. Teens are becoming very much equipped with technology and they’re using it for all the wrong reasons. Historically, people have known about bullying for an interminable amount of time, but nothing has been done about it. A bully is a person that continuously puts others down by using slander. Although it is true that there are punishments for these actions, schools are not doing enough, as well as the community in general, to prevent the issue entirely.
What is social justice? (Long, Tice, & Morrison) states “Social justice is based on compassion for people, and can be defined as the goal of all persons having full and equitable access to opportunities and services in a society.” There for the general concept of social justice incorporates the