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McCarthyism and its impact on society
Political climate of the 1940s/50s/60s in america
Political climate of the 1940s/50s/60s in america
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President Eisenhower’s response to McCarthyism, Civil Rights Movement and Social Welfare programs
Dwight David Eisenhower served as the President of the United States of America for eight years between the periods of 1953 and 1961. These were amazing eight years that gave birth to a New World. The era of Eisenhower’s Presidency is identified by many Americans as the period of quietness. Americans were content and seasons were good as they no longer worried about the great crash or depression. Families bought their homes in suburbs. During these times there are other things which happened dramatically. International affairs and more specifically the Cold War threatened the occurrence of another global war. Technology advanced in ways never imagined earlier. There are other hosts of benefits that were experienced during this time. Yet still, Eisenhower did not find it easy in the Presidency as he faced many issues of considerable gravity. Some of these issues include McCarthyism, civil rights movement and social welfare programs. This essay discusses the response of President Eisenhower to McCarthyism, civil rights movement and social welfare programs.
Senator Joseph R. McCarthy was one of Eisenhower’s most difficult problems. McCarthy had been in the headlines since 1950 for his charges against Communist spies. Republicans had benefited from the charges made by McCarthy that Truman had a soft spot for communist movements. McCarthy continued with his charges even after Eisenhower had taken over power. He even suggested that the nominee of the President for ambassadorial positions were not loyal. McCarthy could not be convinced by his fellow Senators even from the Republican Party to stop his attacks on the Republican administratio...
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...ial welfare programs that had previously existed.
He was a big proponent of policies and programs aimed at helping those at the bottom of the economic ladder who needed help. He created the Department of Education, Health and Welfare and allowed the government to subsidize farmers to enable prices of farm products to be high. He also expanded social security to benefit more Americans including the unemployed and the elderly. Eisenhower also dumped federal dollars into Federal Housing Administration to enable Americans purchase new homes (Kennedy, Cohen and Thomas, 955).
Works Cited
David M. Kennedy, Lizabeth Cohen, Thomas Bailey. The American Pageant, Volume 2: Since
1865. New York: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print.
Soames, JohnAshley. A history of the world from the 20th to the 21st century. New York:
Routledge, 2005. Print.
William R. Keylor and Jerry Bannister. The Twentieth-Century World An International History Canadian Edition. 2005.
McCarthy was a virtually unknown politician until February 1950, where in a speech at Wheeling, West Virginia, he proclaimed “have here in my hand a list of 205 . . . a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department” (History Matters). This speech coined the “Enemies from Within” propelled McCarthy to the political spotlight and gave him huge power along with the support of the American public. McCarthy, realizing he had a great political opportunity, and continued his “anti-communist” tirade accusing powerful people in hollywood and members of the armed forces as being communists or communist sympathizers. As his skeptics grew, so did his blacklist, with McCarthy accusing every single one of his critics as communists destroying their lives and careers in the process (Victims of McCarthyism). McCarthy used this tactic to discourage any opposition, with many potential critics seeing the potential implications of their skepticism, they simply redacted their statements or never spoke
Eisenhower’s dynamic conservatism now known as Modern Republicanism labeled him as a nonpartisan leader, who was fiscally conservative in reducing federal spending and socially moderate in maintaining existing social and economic legislation of the New Deal. With the policy shift of Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, foreign policy in dealing with Communism went from containing it, to rolling it back. The Strategic Air Command was established as a fleet of super bombers that were equipped with nukes that would allow for massive retaliation in the place of a large standing army or navy, and the threat of massive retaliation was used to get the Soviets to surrender, and issued the Mutual Assured Destruction, where both sides knew that neither nation would declare nuclear war because it would result in total annihilation ...
...e Great Society was moving forward, the race problem had ended, as far as the foreign countries could see. The impact of domestic problems in the transnational sphere was non-existent; there was no one to impress any longer, even though the Cold War did not officially end until the Berlin Wall came down in 1989. In the end, Vietnam was not a part of her dichotomy between Civil Rights and the Cold War, even though the War in Vietnam was definitely a portion of United States interaction in the Cold War. The great point of Cold War Civil Rights is the important of looking at domestic issues in a transnational perspective. Most books and scholarly journal articles cannot see the 1950s and 1960s America from a global standpoint, nor do they make an attempt. Mary Dudziak is one step ahead in this approach; it just makes sense, especially for this particular time period.
“The great difference between our western Christian world and the atheistic Communist world is not political, gentlemen, it is moral,” is one of the many examples throughout McCarthy’s speech of him assuming an overconfident or superior tone. His claim to own a list of 205 names in the State Department of communist sympathizers gave support for this arrogant tone, but when asked McCarthy refused to provide anyone with the aforementioned list. McCarthy also used this tone when he said, “The reason why we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores . . . but rather because of the traitorous actions of those who have been treated so well by this Nation,” expressing the idea that no one but the United States’ own countrymen had the strength to defeat their homeland. McCarthy’s tone throughout the article is one of absolute certainty, and gave his audience the incentive to trust
...War and the Civil Rights Movements in order to illustrate how the 1960s was a time of “tumult and change.” To Anderson, it is these events, which sparked the demand for recognition of social and economic fairness. He makes prominent the idea that the 1960s served as the origin of activism and the birth of the civil rights movement, forever changing ideals that embody America. The book overall is comprehensive and a definite attention grabber. It shows how the decade had the effect of drastically transforming life in America and challenging the unequal status quo that has characterized most of the nation's history. Despite the violence and conflict that was provoked by these changes, the activism and the liberation movements that took place have left a permanent imprint upon the country.
The sixties was a decade filled with major political debates that affected the entire country. By the time the sixties came around we were in the most turbulent part of the Cold War, an era of military and political tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. As Dwight Eisenhower brought the fifties to a close it was time for a new president to take hold of the reigns. As the country closed in on one of the closest elections in history it was up to Democratic candidate, John F. Kennedy to compete agains...
in the year 1954, the United States was changing rapidly. President Eisenhower, a Republican, was in the midst of his first term. Eisenhower had just announced to the world that the United States had in fact developed and successfully tested the first hydrogen bomb some two years prior. Mamie Eisenhower christened the Nautilus, which was the first submarine to run on nuclear power. The great court decision, “Brown vs. the Board of Education,” called for the integration of the country’s public schools. Arkansas and Alabama refused to integrate and President Eisenhower was forced to send the 101st Airborne Division to integrate the schools of these states. The phrase “Under God” was added to the Pledge of Allegiance. Eighteen-year olds were shouting, “If we are old enough to fight and die for our country, why can’t we vote?” The teens got a bill into the house but it was turned away by the senate.
On January 7th 1950, an acquaintance said that the communist-in-government issue would attract national publicity and enhance his chances of reelection. His first speech against the issue was on February 9th in Wheeling, West Virginia and McCarthy revealed a sheet of paper with a list of 205 names, who he said, were members of the Communist party. “He could not remember what figure he had quoted at Wheeling, whether it was 205 or 209 or 57 or whatever…” Oakley adds, which shows that McCarthy’s list wasn’t authentic and credible. In an attempt to restore confidence in the Truman administration, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee established a subcommittee headed by Democratic Senator Millard E. Tydings of Maryland to investigate McCarthy’s charges.
McCarthy was elected senate after becoming a lawyer in his sate of Wisconsin. During the first few years of his term nothing major really happened until 1950. In a speech to the Women’s club of wheeling in West Virginia he stated that he had a list in his hand of about 205 known members of the communist party working for the United States department. President Harry Truman had signed an executive order that said that all communists or fascists could not obtain a United States government job. The FBI played a big role in the investigation of this list McCarthy contained. McCarthy’s friend j. Edgar Hoover, which was a violent ant-communist in the federal government, could not wait to expose the people McCarthy accused of being communists. McCarthy’s list created a nationwide scar among the people of the United States. Everything McCarthy said was a lie and he had no evidence to show that the people he accused were really communist but, because of the start of the Korean War and the arrest of two American soldiers accused of spying on the Soviet Union American citizen...
Since the 1950s, most Americans have condemned the McCarthyite witch-hunts and show trials. By large majorities, Americans oppose firing communists from their jobs or banning communist speakers or books.[2] But over the past several years, increasing numbers of historians, writers and intellectuals have sought to minimize, explain away and justify McCarthyism. A spate of books and articles touting new historical evidence has tried to demonstrate that communism posed a real danger to American society in the 1940s and 1950s. They argue that even if some innocent people suffered and McCarthy was reckless, he was responding to a real threat.[3] As a result, Joe McCarthy doesn't look so irresponsible in hindsight.
Going an uneventful four years, the major attention came on February 9, 1950 when the Senator gave the Lincoln Day address in Wheeling, Virginia. Through this speech, McCarthy claimed to have the names of over 200 State Department employees who were members of the Communist party. To follow the accusations, the Senator was further...
McCarthy was not exactly the picture-perfect senator. In fact, most considered him “one of the least qualified, most corrupt politicians of his time” McCarthyism was first used by him as a...
Flory, Harriette, and Samuel Jenike. A World History: The Modern World. Volume 2. White Plains, NY: Longman, 1992. 42.
Although the sixties were a decade in which the United States became a more open, more tolerant, and a freer country, in some ways it became less of these things. During the sixties, America intervened in other nations and efforts were made to stop the progress of the civil rights movement. Because of America’s foreign policy and Americans fight against the civil rights movement, it is clear that the sixties in America were not purely a decade of openness, tolerance, and freedom in the United States.