Effect of Lead Ions On Bacterial and Fungal Amylase Amylases are enzymes, which hydrolyse starch into Maltose. There are two types of amylase: Alpha amylase that degrades starch, which is a polysaccharide, into fragments 10 glucose residues long. Beta Amylase breaks these down into maltose, which is a disaccharide of two glucose molecules joined together. Both enzymes work by hydrolysis of the glycosidic link in carbohydrates. Enzyme amylase are produced from different sources but in my experiment I will be concerned with Bacterial and fungal amylase. Heavy metal ions cause inhibition of enzyme. Inhibition of an enzyme means either to slow down the rate of reaction, to increase the rate of reaction or both. Inhibitors can slow the rate of reaction in various ways. One way is that it competes with the normal substrate for binding of active sites. . Once it is attached to an enzyme molecule it prevents the normal substrate from doing so. This is known as a competitive inhibition. A quite different inhibition would be is when an inhibitor such as lead ions can attach itself permanently to the active site of the enzyme thereby excluding any possibility of normal substrate taking up its rightful space. So in this case the inhibitors are not competing with each other so this is known as non-competitive inhibition. Inhibition is not confined to be not only confined to substances, which combine with the active sites of enzyme. Some inhibitors combine with the other parts of an enzyme molecule altering the shape in such a way that substances no longer fit with the active sites. In some inhibition active sites can be used ... ... middle of paper ... ...oblems and cause damage to the body. If enzymes are in powdered form then it can cause eye problem. Wear goggles to give protection to your eyes. About harmful liquid solutions getting into your eyes, which can be very irritant so rinse your eyes immediately. Some solutions could also spill in your skin. If this happens rinse your skin immediately. You can reduce the risk by wearing disposable gloves. It is important to maintain cleanliness because minor impurities may ruin a good bio-chemical experiment. It is also very important to label different containers so we do not get the solutions mixed up. This involves less risk as it does not involve anything being heated up so less chance of skin burn. Ethical implications It would not be ethical to use a source of enzymes from animal cell sources.
called an active site. This active site is made by a few of the amino
The independent variable for this experiment is the enzyme concentration, and the range chosen is from 1% to 5% with the measurements of 1, 2, 4, and 5%. The dependant variable to be measured is the absorbance of the absorbance of the solution within a colorimeter, Equipments: Iodine solution: used to test for present of starch - Amylase solution - 1% starch solution - 1 pipette - 3 syringes - 8 test tubes – Stop clock - Water bath at 37oc - Distilled water- colorimeter Method: = == ==
In this experiment as a whole, there were three individual experiments conducted, each with an individualized hypothesis. For the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, catalase activity will be decreased when catalase is exposed to temperatures greater than or less approximately 23 degrees Celsius. For the effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme activity, a concentration of greater or less than approximately 50% enzymes, the less active catalase will be. Lastly, the more the pH buffer deviates from a basic pH of 7, the less active catalase will be.
Enzymes have the ability to act on a small group of chemically similar substances. Enzymes are very specific, in the sense that each enzyme is limited to interact with only one set of reactants; the reactants are referred to as substrates. Substrates of an enzyme are the chemicals altered by enzyme-catalysed reactions. The extreme specific nature of enzymes are because of the complicated three-dimensional shape, which is due to the particular way the amino acid chain of proteins folds.
The purpose of the experiment conducted is to understand the role of enzymes in maintaining life and to be able to identify and explain various factors that affect enzyme functions. Make sure to be wearing lab appropriate clothing, a lab coat, and safety goggles at all times since this experiment involves you handling dangerous chemicals like hydroxylamine. For this experiment one of the main materials needed is a spectrophotometer. The use of the spectrophotometer is very important in this experiment. You will test three concentrations of enzyme (0.5 ml, 1.0 ml, and 2.0 ml of turnip extract) and three concentrations of substrate (0.1 ml, 0.2 ml, and 0.4 ml hydrogen peroxide). You always need to make sure you have a control, the control in this experiment is the turnip extract and the color reagent guaiacol. Increasing the temperature increases the rate of an enzyme reaction, decreasing the temperature decreases the rate of an enzyme reaction. Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure and secondary structure. Hydroxylamine is a colorless inorganic compound and an odorless white crystalline solid.
Enzymes as mentioned before help speed up reactions, they generally work by bonding to a substrate, this bonding occurs at the active site. This link then forms a different molecule which will benefit its respective process. Every enzyme has its own optimum pH level to work under, if too low the enzyme will be very slow. However if too high the enzyme will then denature and be obsolete. This is why it is important to know the optimum pH level for whatev...
Enzymes have been used in research, mainly because of their ability to facilitate reactions without being changed themselves as well as their ability to speed up these reactions, which would otherwise take a much longer period of time to complete. And it is these two features that compel me to conduct further research into the applications of enzymes.
The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity. pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. The higher the hydrogen ion concentration, the lower the pH. Most enzymes function efficiently over a narrow pH range. A change in pH above or below this range reduces the rate of enzyme reaction. considerably.
· When I have collected my results I will place them in a table like
The effect of a change in PH on enzymes is the alteration in the ionic
Abstract: Enzymes are catalysts therefore we can state that they work to start a reaction or speed it up. The chemical transformed due to the enzyme (catalase) is known as the substrate. In this lab the chemical used was hydrogen peroxide because it can be broken down by catalase. The substrate in this lab would be hydrogen peroxide and the enzymes used will be catalase which is found in both potatoes and liver. This substrate will fill the active sites on the enzyme and the reaction will vary based on the concentration of both and the different factors in the experiment. Students placed either liver or potatoes in test tubes with the substrate and observed them at different temperatures as well as with different concentrations of the substrate. Upon reviewing observations, it can be concluded that liver contains the greater amount of catalase as its rates of reaction were greater than that of the potato.
The primary function of the enzyme in this experiment was to enhance the rate of the reaction to get optimum results which were achieved. As was expected before starting the experiment, in every case, the amount of product formed increased with time until the reaction came to a stop and no change was seen in concentration of substrate or product. So overall the experiment was a success in my opinion with no major mistakes as all data could be calculated and
Enzymes are made of proteins with specific three dimensional shapes that are necessary for proper functioning. They function as catalysts, which means that they increase or decrease the rate at which chemicals react and processes occur in living organisms. Therefore they allow certain chemical reactions to occur at a faster rate then the reactions would normally occur on their own. All catalysts are enzymes, however not all enzymes are catalysts. A catalyst is a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction but does not become part of the end product. Enzymes are important because the rate at which reactions occur depends on them. Thus without enzymes, reactions would occur too slowly to keep a person alive. The basic function of an enzyme is to increase the rate of a reaction, and most enzymes act specifically with only one reactant, called a substrate, to produce products.
Purpose: This lab gives the idea about the enzyme. We will do two different experiments. Enzyme is a protein that made of strings of amino acids and it is helping to produce chemical reactions in the quickest way. In the first experiment, we are testing water, sucrose solution, salt solution, and hydrogen peroxide to see which can increase the bubbles. So we can understand that enzyme producing chemical reactions in the speed. In the second experiment, we are using temperature of room, boiling water, refrigerator, and freezer to see what will effect the enzyme.
Enzymes are types of proteins that work as a substance to help speed up a chemical reaction (Madar & Windelspecht, 104). There are three factors that help enzyme activity increase in speed. The three factors that speed up the activity of enzymes are concentration, an increase in temperature, and a preferred pH environment. Whether or not the reaction continues to move forward is not up to the enzyme, instead the reaction is dependent on a reaction’s free energy. These enzymatic reactions have reactants referred to as substrates. Enzymes do much more than create substrates; enzymes actually work with the substrate in a reaction (Madar &Windelspecht, 106). For reactions in a cell it is important that a specific enzyme is present during the process. For example, lactase must be able to collaborate with lactose in order to break it down (Madar & Windelspecht, 105).