Edible Vaccines: Benefits, Challenges and Properties

1. Introduction:
Countless lives are saved every year with prevention of diseases through vaccination. Vaccine protect individuals against viral infections, as well as whole populations against pandemics. 90% of population must be vaccinated to protect against an outbreak. (Muller, 2003) Different types of vaccines are used depending on the cost, the safety, the quality of the immune response induced, and the preferable route of entry. In this review, we are going to focus on edible vaccines, their benefits, their challenges, and their properties. Edible vaccines are plant material genetically modified to express antigen proteins capable of inducing protective immunity, administered via oral route. (Kim, 2010)

2. Benefits of edible vaccines:
Edible vaccines offer many advantages: they are easy to apply, store, and transport. Plants can grow anywhere with minimal cost and labor. (Joung, 2016) They are easily administered, thus beneficial to vaccinate animals and children. Which in interesting for the meat industry, and veterinary application. (Kim, 2010) Edible vaccines induce mucosal and systemic immune response, whereas
(Kim, 2010) Plant materials can be lyophilized, facilitating processing, purification, storage. (Joung, 2016) Furthermore, edible vaccines are safer because they are no chances of getting reverse mutations. There is a reduce quantity of unwanted contaminants compared to injection vaccine, and purification of antigens is expensive, so edible vaccine can be economically preferable. (Joung, 2016) Additionally, vaccine often require adjuvant to boost the immune response, but plant components such as saponin, flavonoids, or plant oils are natural adjuvants. (Joung,