Economic Pursuits of the Jews in the Middle Ages
The Jews in the middle ages progressed economically through various occupations. Their economic status was very volatile for many reasons. No area of Jewish life in Western Europe offers such a perpetual change as the economy does. The Jews most specifically participated in international trade, crafts, slave trade, local trade, and most popularly in money lending.
The Jewish people participated in commerce in the countries of western Mediterranean . However, Jewish roles in commerce were rather limited because Syrian merchants in Gaul who supplied the population with luxury articles imported from the East monopolized the whole commerce scene . There would be a consistent war between Muslim and Christian fleets at sea, which left the Jewish merchants at a neutral status. As a result, Jewish merchants who were kidnapped at sea by pirates had a better chance of getting their ransom paid by their co-religionists . Jewish merchants had become very competitive which supposedly put some fear on others. Consequently, in 945, the Venetian government ordered its ship owners not to carry Jewish passengers .
Jewish merchants traded in amber, textiles, hides, arms, spices, precious stones, and other luxury articles . Their clientele consisted mainly of royal and ducal courts and the aristocracy, both secular and clerical . There were other groups engaged in international trade, and Jewish merchants were not the dominant role in the commerce scene . In the cities re-conquered from the Muslims in Spain, Jews played a decisive role in the revival of commerce and industry, and especially in the production and merchandising of clothing . As well, England’s Jewry had a role in commerce, too .
After the year 1100, The Jewish role in international trade began to decline . The Hansa cities began to replace the Jewish traders. Their ships were heavily armed, and were no match for the Jews .
Some believe that Jews controlled the slave trade . Jews were also accused of kidnapping Christian children and selling them to Muslims in southern Spain. The proportion of Jews among the slave traders was smaller than their proportion in international trade . Jewish participation in trading Christian slaves was limited because a Christian ruler sometimes protected it . The Jewish merchants faced many unfair obstacles because of blunt discrimination. The Christian merchants were not faced with these same obstacles such as not being able to trade other Christian slaves.
income in this situation was to sell things at the marketplace, and even there, Jews were
bell hooks reveals that she can only characterize the world as a place where you either have money to spend or you don’t (433). In college, she recollects how her professors and peers reinforced through countless
Robert Kennedy was determined to keep Monroe quiet so the information he and John revealed to her during their affairs would was not revealed, and he did not care about the consequences. According to Jay Margolis author of Marilyn Monroe: A Case for Murder, Robert was even reported to have threatened Monroe around the time of her death he stated that “If you threaten me, Marilyn, there’s more than one way to keep you quiet” (229), this proves that Robert Kennedy had motive and the means to kill her if it came down to it. The autopsy report also rules out suicide as an option for her cause of death. The report stated that there were no traces of the pills in her stomach she supposedly overdosed and there was nothing to drink in the room, with no signs of vomiting which is common during an overdose. This also eliminates the fact that she accidentally overdosed as an option because the levels of drugs found in her blood were several times over the legal limit. This suggests that she did not give herself that many pills because she would have passed out before she could have ingested that much. Monroe’s autopsy report revealed that her stomach was almost completely empty except for a small amount of fluid (“Marilyn Monroe Autopsy Report”). The report also revealed that there was no evidence of pill residue anywhere in her digestive system and the fact that there was no physical evidence in the room that any pills had been ingested, prove that Monroe did not commit suicide but she was actually
Each man trying to correct from within were pushed further and outward away from the goal of unity. We would have a different story if it were only one man who rejected the idea of the Church being one with the world. The individual would have been marked as the antichrist. Instead, we see a few men take a stand for what they felt was the truth, which we had strayed. Noted, Campbell has seen the destruction with takes place when man messes with God’s desire for gathering of the Church. Campbell states, “What awful and distressing effects have those sad divisions produced! What aversions, what reproaches, what backbitings, what evil surmisings, what angry contentions, what enmities, what excommunications, even persecution!!!” (Campbell and Thomas) Campbell’s biggest fight was pulling back the reigns of the world. Campbell extends ejecting all human creeds that cause divisions among Christians. He states, “… for their faith must not stand in the wisdom of men, but in the power and veracity of God. Therefore, no such deductions can be made terms of communion, but do properly belong to the after and progressive edification of the Church. Hence, it is evident that no such deductions or inferential truths ought to have a place in the Church’s confession.” (Campbell and Thomas) Reaching out to across all divisions, Campbell has to be unprejudiced. “That although the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments are inseparably connected, making together but one perfect and entire revelation of the Divine will, for the edification and salvation of the Church, and therefore in that respect cannot be separated.” “From the nature and construction of these propositions, it will evidently appear, that they are laid in a designed subserviency to the declared end of our association; and are exhibited for the express purpose of performing a duty of pervious necessity, a duty loudly called for in
... had control various territories. Many merchants learned the Islamic language and became custom to their traditions. This allowed for its culture to spread and Islam had received converts. The trading industry has a major effect on the economy and allows the spread of one’s culture.
According to American National Biography, Marilyn Monroe was formerly known as Norma Jeane Mortenson. She was an American actress and model. Her mom, Gladys Pearl Baker was a flapper, and was unstable and was not ready for a child so she had financial problems with Marilyn Monroe. After Monroe's birth, Baker placed monroe with Ida and Albert Bolender. They raised their foster kids with a strict Christian perspective. When her mom felt stable enough and decided to take Monroe back and live in Hollywood, until she had a psychotic breakdown and was later diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. After her breakdown Baker spent the rest of her life in and out of institutions and
... president. She said that she wanted all the information released because she thought the Warren Commission could not find the real reason behind Kennedy’s assassination. There is plenty of evidence out there that shows that the Warren Report was false and not truthfully put together.
ITB.com or international business times quoted “This is the most popular one. An overwhelming amount of conspiracy theorists believe the Kennedy's murdered Monroe, or that the Kennedy's at least had a
If Murray was innocent and Monroe’s death was actually a suicide, then why would she want to “cover up” that Robert Kennedy had been present? Another thing that stood out to me was that during interviews Murray would change her story as to how she found Monroe and when. Also, when the police were finally called at four in the morning, almost an hour after Monroe had been discovered, Murray was doing housework. I believe that Murray and Greenson were working on the Kennedy’s behalf. I think that Murray’s stories had changed many times due to the fact that she was helping the Kennedys keep their secret.
The concept of the slave trade came about in the 1430’s, when the Portuguese came to Africa in search of gold (not slaves). They traded copper ware, cloth, tools, wine, horses and later, guns and ammunition with African kingdoms in exchange for ivory, pepper, and gold (which were prized in Europe). There was not a very large demand for slaves in Europe, but the Portuguese realized that they could get a good profit from transporting slaves along the African coast from trading post to trading post. The slaves were bought greedily by Muslim merchants, who used them on the trans-Sahara trade routes and sold them in the Islamic Empire. The Portuguese continued to collect slaves from the whole west side of Africa, all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope (South Africa), and up the east side, traveling as far as Somalia. Along the way, Portugal established trade relations with many African kingdoms, which later helped begin the Atlantic Slave Trade. Because of Portugal’s good for...
There is much history concerning the Jewish people and their presence in England as an organized community, beginning in 1066 when Jewish merchants were encouraged to move to England. Professor Daniel J. Elazer, in summarizing an article by Aubrey Newman, states that from 1066 to 1290 the Jews suffered persecution in the form of "blood libels, mass riots, and discriminatory legislation" (4), followed by expulsion from England until 1655 when a Sephardi Rabbi was able to convince Oliver Cromwell to allow the Jews readmission. Most of the Jews coming into England were Sephardi Jews, well educated and successful businessmen from Spain and Amsterdam, until later in the seventeenth century when Jewish immigrants from Northern Europe began to arrive. These Jews were known as Ashkenazi Jews and were of a lower social class than the Sephardi (5).
The unit of a family is the most prominent essential for all of us. As social human beings, we seek social support in order to thrive, and that is where family comes into play. A family is where you receive love, support, encouragement, and many other social benefits. The total number of households in the United States increased from 63 million in 1970 to 113 million in 2008 (Weeks, 2012). The family has influenced multitudes of people in many ways. The traditional family in the United States consists two-married individuals providing care and stability for their biological offspring also know as the nuclear family. However, the term of a true family has ultimately changed over the last 50 years especially for African Americans.
Sale tactic or tactic in general are a part of any major retail store. according to The Science of Shopping by Malcolm Gladwell “The practice of prying into the minds and habits of American consumers is now a multibillion-dollar
Clothing & Footwear: With the heavy shift in the reliance of consumers towards e-retailers there is a seeming margin of people looking out for catchy deals and discounts online but majority end up buying from the store because of the unavailability of a texture feel and colour credibility online. Out of all the people interviewed 52% people said to research the clothing and footwear products online while 40% of the total buy online. This behaviour clearly states that the buyer even after full catalogue availability online still wants to research online for any new fashion trends. Of the 52% researching online 31% use PC, 12% use mobile and 9% use tablet as the medium of their research. A similar scenario is followed by the ones those buy online as 24% use PC, 9% use mobile and 7% use tablet as the medium for buying.
In order to get an initial understanding of the driving forces of second-hand shopping, the existing literature about what guides consumer behaviour must first be studied. Thus, this literature review deals with theory concerning consumption behavior, in particular, motivations because motivations is the reason for behaviour (Hawkins, Best & Coney, 2004, p.355. Motivations is the why people do something, so in order to understand why consumers shop, examining underlying motivations is crucial. Already in 1985 - after discussing several quite diverse studies about shopping orientations towards shopping or shopping typologies - did two authors suggest that examining motivations underlying shopping behavior would offer a better conceptual framework