Dual Structure in Japan What do you understand by the term “dual structure of an economy”? How do you explain the dual structure of manufacturing industry in Japan?
The word “dual” has the meaning of double, twofold or in two parts according to The Australian Oxford Dictionary (1996). Applying the word to an economic context, I would describe the term “dual structure of an economy” to indicate the co-existence of two different sectors alongside each other with disparities in technology and productivity between them. Take for instance, the existence of a traditional primary sector along with a modern non-primary sector constitutes to a “dual structure”. Duality can exist within a particular sector of the economy. The existence
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First, the coexistence of a very low unemployment rates and continued low incomes in agricultural and small business. Second, the existence of large (“industrial giants”) and small scale firms within the manufacturing sector. Third, the existence of peculiar characteristics of the labour market such as enterprise unions, wages differentials according to the size of the firm and long term employment (Odaka, 1967 p.50). Furthermore, duality existed in the manufacturing sector …show more content…
The first being Miyazawa-Shinohara’s capital concentration hypothesis, which attributes wage differentials to the differences in average productivity, which are in turn, explained by differentials in capital intensity due to imperfection in capital markets (Odaka, 1967 p.58). This hypothesis suggests that larger firms were able to obtain bank loans relatively easily as compared to smaller firms. Moreover, large firms incur a lower cost of capital then smaller firms henceforth with adequate financial capability it was possible for large firms to introduce relatively capital-intensive methods of production thus leading to higher levels of labour productivity. However, this hypothesis required the assumption that large firms draw from a different labour market to small firms to explain persistent wage differentials (Minami, 1994
Tertiary sector of industry also known as the service sector or the service industry is one of the three main industrial categories an a economy, the others being the secondary industry manufacturing, and primary industry extraction such as mining, agriculture and fishing The tertiary sector of industry involves of providing a services or a product to businesses as well as final consumers. Services may involve the transport, distribution and sale of goods from producer to a consumer as may happen in wholesaling and retailing.
As economies develop and change we need to look at the factors that influence this. Weather, resources, location and labor prices are a few examples of this. Another influence is government policies. There are three types of economies: command, market and mixed. In a market economy. In a command economy the government controls the economy. It decides what will be produces, wages and prices. Socialism and Communism are examples of a command economy. In a market economy the economy is controlled by individuals. In a pure market economy the government is absent from the economy. A mixed economy has element from both a command and market economy. The economic decisions are made by the people but the government plays a role in the resources. Most developed countries today have a mixed economy.
Has the question of “who even thought to invent the telephone or metal detector?” ever came into your head? Or been going through the internet and came across the name Alexander Graham Bell and wondered who it was? Well Alexander was the inventor of many things like the telephone, and the metal detector. Bell was a very smart man who came from a very smart family.
Alexander Graham Bell is the man most remembered for creating the telephone. Other than that he is a man who always had an obsession for communication. Mr. Bell once said, “Great discoveries and improvements invariably involve the cooperation of man minds. I may be given credit for having blazed the trail, but when I look at the subsequent developments I feel the credit is due to others rather than to myself.” Alexander Graham Bell’s actions are shown in three ways in this essay; the telephone, other inventions, and his passion for communication.
Nelson Mandela Foundation. "Biography - Nelson Mandela." – Nelson Mandela Foundation. Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory, 2014. Web. 06 Jan. 2014. .
Because public luxuries are strong for product and brand, and brand is oriented by consumer and identity. Accordingly, brands are regarded as images in the identities of consumers and other identities of target groups (Esch, 2010), which are designed by companies to decide their products (Kotler et al., 2009). Luxury brands are highly associated with their core consumer (Kapferer, 2008). For example, Land Rover is one of the worlds company to produce four-wheel drives, is the famous British SUV brand. The prices of Land Rover mostly are depend on middle-class economic conditions and the appearance of the car and speed of it are based on the male identity, mostly giving a image of tough guy. Despite the fact that public luxuries are more relevant to identities ,which is contrary to the private necessities. For private necessities, such as Haier, is the worlds largest household appliances maker, the global brand share of Haiers refrigerators, washing machines are on the top of the world. Compared with the relationship between the identity and Haier, Haier is more focus on quality of its products. The 1980s, coincided with the beginning of reform in China, many enterprises to introduce foreign advanced technology and refrigerator equipments, likes Haier. At that time, home appliances supply less than demand, there had a lot of enterprises which only focused on production rather than on quality.
..., extensive researching and experimenting lead to what no one else could seem to figure out. While facing many setbacks and failed experiments over the two years, they still managed to successfully transmit human speech simultaneously on one wire. With great triumph with the telephone, Bell began to showcase his invention across Massachusetts and conventions, colleges, and meetings. He became a well respected, known inventor (Bell Invents the Telephone). People were amazed at Bell’s invention and were astonished when they were able to instantly hear someone talking miles away. Bell’s invention would create the basis f communication and allow other inventors to make advancements to the telephone for future generations. Bell used his fascination and knowledge with human speech to successfully invent the telephone, which transformed the lives of everyone in the world.
Streissguth, Thomas. "CHAPTER THREE: Alexander Graham Bell And The Telephone." Communications: Sending The Message (1997): 40. Science Reference Center. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.
Way before we had cell phones and Internet ; we had to travel great distances to deliver messages.This method of delivering messages took along time. Fast forward a couple hundred centuries to a man that changed the face of faster communication with the invention of The Telegraph and the Telephone. Mr Alexander Graham Bell was born March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. His middle name Graham was added to his full name when he was only 10 years old. During his childhood, Alexander Bell Experienced many positive influences that helped him to become the famous man he is today. Scotland was know as the “Athens of the North” for its rich culture of art and science. Alexander was actually home schooled; He had only received one year of private school.
In conclusion the development of the Standard Industrial Classification created a method to record data in which categorized each business to an industry and then the industry is measureable to the economy. Government agencies are able to use this data to measure the industries being developed as well to ensure all meet their standard policies and goals. It is also used to determine the economy of the cities, states and nation as any change or trend will change the supply and demand hence; changing the economy. The government agencies uses this data for strategic planning in their respective branches as well as business uses this data for their strategic planning in the business purposes. The result of this system has created a manageable system that assists in making what we have today as a well organized industrial and economic system worldwide.
In conclusion, Mandela’s fight for freedom and equality between people of different races was very important in showing the world that discrimination is unacceptable. His hard work and patience during his painful time in prison was the perfect example of what a freedom fighter would do for his people and their rights. Nelson believed that power should be given to the people in order for them to have the strength to protect their rights and freedoms from discrimination and unfair treatment.
Nelson Mandela is known as one of the most world peace fighting and most respected people in history. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election in 1994. He was born 18 July 1918 in South Africa. Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist, and the leader of the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to life in prison. Mandela served 28 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. He was released on February, 11th in 1990. Nelson Mandela is a great factor of why the Apartheid system fell.(Encyclopedia, 1997)
...high power status, Japan had to have a self-reliant industrial common ground and be able to move all human and material resources (S,195). Through the Shogun Revolution of 1868, the abolition of Feudalism in 1871, the activation of the national army in 1873, and the assembly of parliament in 1889, the political system of Japan became westernized (Q,3). Local Labor and commercial assistance from the United States and Europe allowed Japan’s industry to bloom into a developed, modern, industrial nation (Q,3). As a consequence production surplus, and food shortage followed (Q,3). Because of how much it relied on aid of western powers, Japan’s strategic position became especially weak. In an attempt to break off slightly from the aid of the west Japanese leaders believed that it would be essential for Japan to expand beyond its borders to obtain necessary raw materials.
O'Bryan, Scott. 2009. Growth Idea : Purpose and Prosperity in Postwar Japan. University of Hawaii Press, 2009. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed December 4, 2011).
... of transmitting several telegraph messages simultaneously over a single wire and also with various devices to help graphically record sound waves. (Alexander Graham Bell)