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John stuart mill 4 essays
Impact of society on gender roles
Impact of society on gender roles
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John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) is an advocate of utilitarianism. Many thinkers have considered that occasionally force may contribute to greater collective utility than individual freedom. Can Mill defend this utilitarianism and uphold the harm principle? Mill starts Chapter 1 of On Liberty by stating that "The subject of this essay is… the nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual." This clarifies that his interest is not with the conditions of a "free society," but with the conditions of a civilization in which people can be free, and not just "politically" free, but able to develop as individuals. And so, he is interested in how society exerts power over people. Mill pleads for "one... …show more content…
simple principle, as entitled to govern... the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control." That assumption, the harm principle, is that "The only purpose for which power can be... exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant." We may yet question, implore, and protest people who appear bent on doing themselves harm (as we discern it) or are developing in a manner we do not prefer. But we should not apply either the law or moral censure to change their conduct unless they are inducing harm to other individuals. Through the drug addict, one could see the notion that utility and freedom can contradict. If society dissuades someone from trying an addictive drug, e.g. opioids, society subsidizes further to their utility (and the collective utility) than if society lets them seek the drug. This is no objection since Mill did not set forth that collective utility and individual freedom never contradict. Foremost, the harm principle eliminates some freedom for this purpose. Mill identifies freedom, protected by the harm principle, can struggle with utility in certain conditions. His response is to guide readers towards the broader picture: The spirit of improvement is not always a spirit of liberty, for it may aim at forcing improvements on an unwilling people; and the spirit of liberty, as far as it resists such attempts, may ally itself... with the opponents of improvement; but the only unfailing and permanent source of improvement is liberty since by it there are as many... independent centers of improvement as there are individuals. If readers think Mill’s appeal to utility is what is best in this or that individual instance, we misread him. It is what gives to utility that appeals to him. Preventing someone from having an addictive drug is one case of stopping individuals from taking part in acts that can threaten their health; do we need to do this? Utility, for Mill, appeals to our concerns as progressive beings. This means our learning—and an exceptional source of learning is through our faults. But is Mill right that liberty is a "source of improvement?" For example, is he correct to consider allowing diversity will encourage people to discover better means of living, ones that will induce them to be successful? Mill thinks individuals pick up from their and others’ mistakes so that diversification will add to the recognition of what is desirable. But in the time since Mill wrote, we can propose that there has been greater diversity—the evolution of pluralistic civilizations—but no considerable development in happiness or healthy living. Is individuality in the sense of pursuing our own good in our own practice such a wonderful quality? Or would families be happier with substantial social instruction on how to get along? We can concur with Mill that judgment and determining of oneself is a key part of happiness. But do we need as much freedom as Mill contends for to get these benefits? If not, he has not maintained the harm principle. If freedom and utility conflict, we run into a decision between them. If we appeal to utility and inhibit freedom, Mill will call for us to say on what basis we claim to know what contributes most to utility "in the largest sense." Or we defend freedom even when it conflicts with utility, e.g. arguing that we have certain rights to freedom that is more important than utility. Charlotte Perkins Gilman in Women and Economics (1898) showed an unprecedented interpretation of economic relations within the home.
Gilman, the American authoritative sociologist, and economist, was a lucrative writer who came to attain a wide popular audience in her time, promoting views on developments in the economics of household relationships to her readers. Gilman's appeal, like Mill, was from an individual viewpoint. She depicted the socio-economic system which demanded both women and men to restrict their productivity to adhere to outmoded customs. Gilman's microeconomic view of societal economic oppression was a result of her enduring sense of personal economic injustice. Gilman said the household was a means that men exploited to support the subjugation of women. Gilman feels that the primary hindrances to freedom for women center on the circumstance that women fully depend on men for their survival (unique in the animal kingdom). Because of this relationship, women must pay off their debt to men through “domestic services,” i.e. sex. Owing to these sexual overtones, female activities have become controlled by men, giving up the dissemination of power to the men. The household and the domestic role of women carried within it supported this subjugation. The enduring wish for women to tend to and educate her children extends this arrangement. As an end, Gilman thinks this handicap cannot be surmounted through granting female suffrage, but that there would have to …show more content…
be a shift in society taking place at the legal and social level. With the varied aspects households do in civilization, someone must be on duty to stay faithful to the construction scheme as what transpires in the household is paramount to an offspring's capacity to serve society throughout his development.
On a construction site, the site manager is an on-site manager. He or she is performing every day to make certain projects are adhered to, tasks are wrapped up, and individuals are working out what they need to do. The site manager and the general contractor reach out to support the construction plan to make sure on task and on time. They brainstorm, and then the manager inspects the on-site work. This diversification at home requires an on-site manager; someone demands to have the time and the vitality to devote to each member of the household and work the distinctive facets of home. This is the crux of the work description for a mother, the site manager. This is the utility for which the mother traditionally
provides. While two incomes can contribute to further expenses, such as more holidays, nicer cars and outsourced support, when the money’s taken care of and households save and invest, it can cause increased fiscal security for everybody. If one spouse gets laid off, not all is surrendered. There is the economic protection of the alternative partner—and savings—to further keep the lights on while a different position turns up. Fiscal autonomy is crucial to any marriage. It reduces conflict over money matters and grants each spouse with further freedom and flexibility to make decisions if the marriage breaks down and he or she needs to self-support. One needs not bring in an equal wage or more wealth than your partner. One requires to collect enough so if you had to back yourself one day, you could. This could mean working part time and tending for offspring part time, but unless one has a considerable inheritance planted someplace, it cannot mean withdrawing from the labor pool fully.
He is was total opposite of Metternich. Mill’s “On liberty” essay was about the individual liberty. To Mill’s, the only important thing is the happiness of the individual, and such happiness may only be accomplished in an enlightened society, in which people are free to partake in their own interests. Thus, Mills stresses the important value of individuality, of personal development, both for the individual and society for future progress. For Mill, an educated person is the one who acts on what he or she understands and who does everything in his or her power to understand. Mill held this model out to all people, not just the specially gifted, and advocates individual initiative over social control. He emphasizes that things done by individuals are done better than those done by governments. Also, individual action advances the mental education of that individual, something that government action cannot ever do, and for government action always poses a threat to liberty and must be carefully
In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s bodies of work, Gilman highlights scenarios exploring traditional interrelations between man and woman while subtexting the necessity for a reevaluation of the paradigms governing these relations. In both of Gilman’s short stories, “The Yellow Wallpaper” and “Turned”, women are victimized, subjected and mistreated. Men controlled and enslaved their wives because they saw them as their property. A marriage was male-dominated and women’s lives were dedicated to welfare of home and family in perseverance of social stability. Women are expected to always be cheerful and good-humored. Respectively, the narrator and Mrs. Marroner are subjugated by their husbands in a society in which a relationship dominated by the male is expected.
“The Yellow Wallpaper” is set in the 18th century, and this specific time era helps substantiate Gilman’s view. During the 18th century women did not have a lot of rights and were often considered a lesser being to man. Women often had their opinions
...Mill does not implicitly trust or distrust man and therefore does not explicitly limit freedom, in fact he does define freedom in very liberal terms, however he does leave the potential for unlimited intervention into the personal freedoms of the individual by the state. This nullifies any freedoms or rights individuals are said to have because they subject to the whims and fancy of the state. All three beliefs regarding the nature of man and the purpose of the state are bound to their respective views regarding freedom, because one position perpetuates and demands a conclusion regarding another.
“Gilman railed against the condition of women who were regulated to a life of confining costume and care for child and home”(Article 2). Women felt they were capable of working jobs that were often labeled as a “man’s job”. “Gilman introduced her readers to a country of women who work cooperatively”(Article 2). Gilman did a lot to be involved in the Suffrage Act. She spoke at the 1896 convention of the Women’s Suffrage Association, she also wrote a wide variety of writings, from poems to lectures, political essays and novels. Her most famous work “The Yellow Wallpaper” published in 1892 and Womens Economics in 1898. “She envisioned a world in which women were free from the drudgery of cooking and cleaning and could engage in intellectual pursuits- a world in which women threw off their corsets and breathed freely”(article 2). There were many risks starting this movement, men weren’t used to women speaking out or even having an opinion. Many people disagreed with their statements, wanting life to be the way it always is, men being the “breadwinners” of the household. Women were often arrested for going against the social norm. Women decided this needed to change, after all they are people therefore they should have the same
...ble to see that it actually incorporates themes of women’s rights. Gilman mainly used the setting to support her themes. This short story was written in 1892, at that time, there was only one women's suffrage law. Now, because of many determinant feminists, speakers, teachers, and writers, the women’s rights movement has grown increasing large and is still in progress today. This quite recent movement took over more then a century to grant women the rights they deserve to allow them to be seen as equals to men. This story was a creative and moving way to really show how life may have been as a woman in the nineteenth century.
John Stuart Mill believes in a utilitarian society where people are seen as “things.” Moreover, in utilitarianism the focus of the goal is “forward-looking”, in looking at the consequences but not the ini...
John Stuart Mill (1808-73) believed in an ethical theory known as utilitarianism. There are many formulation of this theory. One such is, "Everyone should act in such a way to bring the largest possibly balance of good over evil for everyone involved." However, good is a relative term. What is good? Utilitarians disagreed on this subject.
My thoughts and feelings on Mill vary, but I’d like to share my negative opinion towards the principle and hope to put it in a different perspective. The harm principle was published in Mill’s work, Of Liberty, in 1859. He states, “That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant (978).” This means that government is not able to control peoples’ actions unless they are causing harm to other individuals.
John Stuart Mill claims that people often misinterpret utility as the test for right and wrong. This definition of utility restricts the term and denounces its meaning to being opposed to pleasure. Mill defines utility as units of happiness caused by an action without the unhappiness caused by an action. He calls this the Greatest Happiness Principle or the Principle of Utility. Mill’s principle states that actions are right when they tend to promote happiness and are wrong when they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. Happiness is defined as intended pleasure and the absence of pain while unhappiness is defined as pain and the lack of pleasure. Therefore, Mill claims, pleasure and happiness are the only things desirable and good. Mill’s definition of utilitarianism claims that act...
Gilman's motivation to reform and improve society fueled her writing and lecturing throughout her life. Although her views were flawed in that it supported
...front her confinement the wrong way. It is through these events in the story that Gilman does seem to be criticizing women for seeking their freedom at the expense of men. Gilman, while attacking the repression and oppression of women, seems also to attack radical feminism by pointing out that contempt for the opposite sex does nothing to further the feminist cause. Feminists, therefore, should be examples of proper conduct. They should continue to strive for equality but in a manner, that does not alienate men and other women.
Utilitarianism is a reality, not just a theory like many other philosophies; it is practiced every day, for instance the vote system. This ongoing practice of utilitarianism in society has show that it is flawed. Just because the masses vote for something, doesn’t make it right. The masses can be fooled, as in Nazi Germany for example, thousands of people were behind Hitler even though his actions were undeniably evil. Utilitarianism is a logical system, but it requires some sort of basic, firm rules to prevent such gross injustices, violations of human rights, and just obviously wrong thing ever being allowed. This could be the ‘harm principle’ which Mill devised.
Mill’s critics would likely say that Utilitarianism as a whole can function to create selfish people because all are striving towards a life of more pleasure than pain, but Mill shuts this down with the idea of happiness being impartial. Basically, a person must choose an action that yields the most happiness or pleasure, whether that pleasure is for them or not. Mill would recognize that, “Among the qualitatively superior ends are the moral ends, and it is in this that people acquire the sense that they have moral intuitions superior to mere self-interest” (Wilson). By this, it is meant that although people are supposed to take action that will produce the greatest pleasure, the do not do so in a purely selfish manner. Mill goes on to argue that the happiness of individuals is interconnected; therefore one cannot be selfish in such a way. Along with the criticism of Utilitarianism and the principle of utility being selfish, many argue that such a doctrine promotes expediency in order to benefit the person conducting the action alone. I would disagree with these criticisms, and find Mill’s argument valid. His argument counters
However, Mill asserts an important caveat; that which he calls `the very simple principle'. He writes, `That principle is, that the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection. That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant' .