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Nature of criminal behaviour
Nature of criminal behaviour
Causes of crime in society
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Men are more attracted to evil because the unknown and the prohibited is more excited than the restricted life of the good, or is its nature of ego and survival that leads them to a deviant life? No human is a saint, and no human is the devil. Everyone lives in a mix of both. Therefore, crime’s nature varies extensively which is why law enforcement agencies try to understand the cause of a crime in order to reduce it in the future. For example, children are taught that murderer and theft are “bad’, and once they grow, they learned this is not just immoral, but also illegal, so why these crimes exist?
An arrest doesn’t show the crime’s nature because it is just an “act of social control rather than an act of deviant behavior” (Epidemiology).
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For example, in the UCR, the law enforcement departments differ in how to categorize some crimes; consequently, the statistics aren’t accurate—similar crimes can fall into just one category. Also, agencies can make errors while reporting this data. In the NCVS, one of the disadvantages is overreporting. For instances, citizens take advantage to report cases that aren’t considered crimes and are more personal problems that don 't require legal intervention or many victims report the same crime with different settings/experience—considering that they were in the same place and time when the crime occurred. Another problem is the inability to record personal crime activity of the interviewed because this is a victim survey. In addition, inadequate question format can invalidate response which makes some crimes not be part of the official report. Moreover, in self-report surveys, people don’t admit illegal acts, and it is less accurate than the other sources. Indeed, this information is bias because it can be also altered for political reasons. For instance, if a politician has to show the reduction of a crime in a city, some crimes can be reclassified or ignored. Additionally, the MTF demonstrates that the number of people who commit crimes is greater than the one shown in official data which pinpoints the inaccuracy of this
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is information that is gathered by the U.S Census Bureau. Unlike UCR this information is not given by law enforcement officials, but by a household survey that is conducted about twice a year. When the survey is being commenced they place the crimes into two different categories; person crimes and property crimes. NCVS has four objectives when obtaining information; “(1) to develop detailed information about the victims and consequences of crime, (2) to estimate the number and types of crimes not reported to the police, (3) to provide uniform measures of selected typed of crimes, and (4) to permit comparisons over time and types of areas.” (NACJD)
The lines that define good and evil are not written in black and white; these lines tend to blur into many shades of grey allowing good and evil to intermingle with each another in a single human being. Man is not inherently good or evil but they are born innocent without any values or sense of morality until people impart their philosophies of life to them. In the words of John Locke:
In the criminal justice field, there has been created a number of methods for measuring crime, and with those different methods come different forms of data. In the United States, there are three methods that are available to be utilized: the Uniform Crime Report (Referred to as the UCR), the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS).
In contemporary society, there are various methodologies for collecting data (Linden 2012). That being said, there are pros and cons to each that are based on reliability and validity; where reliability is consistency of the statistics, and validity is a measure of how accurate the results are in accordance with the research topic. This ties in with how this paper will explore the Uniform Crime Report system (UCR); a measure of crime that is used the most. UCR statistics reflect the crimes that are reported to the police throughout the country. victimization and self-report surveys, which are statistics that reinforce the findings revealed by the UCR, will also be explored. Lastly, the issue of media coverage of crime news will be examined.
Loftin and McDowall also mention that in order to understand what the Uniform Crime Report is saying and to do so accurately, one must make sure they understand the data that is being presented to them. With this said, in what ways can the Uniform Crime Report be superior and inferior to victimization surveys and self-report data?
Crimes and criminals only exist when a public body has judged the such according to accepted procedures; no public authority → no crime
President Barack Obama, the United States of America’s 44th president is on his second term of presidency and has addressed more social and financial issues during his tenure than crime control policies. President Obama came into office in 2009 and continues to serve as President of the United States. As one evaluates the policies that are in place during his administration a conclusion can be made that his primary focus has been that of health care, civil rights, and foreign policy amongst other agendas that don’t necessarily address his crime policy. President Obama has not proposed any majorly significant crime policies or drastic changes in the crime policies that were in place prior to his appointment (Marion & Oliver, 2012).
Two of the major criminological theories of the twentieth century are Merton’s strain/anomie theory and Shaw and McKay’s social disorganization. Both theories were very important in their time, and still influence theorization today. This paper will discuss both theories and point out similarities and differences.
In 1939 Criminologist Edwin H. Sutherland proposed his theory of Differential Association in his Principles of Criminology textbook. Differential Association theory states that criminal behavior is learned behavior. Sutherland along with Richard Cloward, and Lloyd Ohlin attempted to explain this phenomenon by emphasizing the role of learning. To become a criminal, a person must not only be inclined toward illegal activity, he or she must also learn how to commit criminal acts. Sutherland’s differential association theory contends that people whose environment provides the opportunity to associate with criminals will learn these skills and will become criminals in response to strain. If the necessary learning structures are absent, they will not. Sutherland relied heavily upon the work of Shaw and McKay, Chicago school theorists, in high rates of juvenile delinquency. Sutherland's theory of differential association still remains very popular among criminologists due to its less complex and more coherent approach to crime causation. It is also supported by much evidence.
When the City of Atlanta is mentioned, individuals automatically associate the city with its positive attributes, such as, the beautiful lights, family activities and tourist attractions. The crime that occurs often goes unmentioned; however it is increasingly becoming an issue. Forbes ranked Atlanta as the sixth dangerous city in the US with a violent crime rate of 1,433 per 100,000 residents. The city’s crime rate correlates with its poverty levels and low education rates along with Beccaria’s ideas of punishment being swift, severe and certain.
Criminology has evolved over history into becoming a discipline all its own, along the way it grew and developed from a multiple sources of disciplines to become an integration of various theories. Reasons that seek to explain crime and deviant behaviors has mirrored the time in which research was being conducted and as time continues to change it is to be expected more theories will arise to incorporate past theories to become ever more inclusive. It is important to understand this development from the formulation of theories, the evolution of, the determining factors in testing, particular process such as social learning that are upheld as strong empirically sound theories in order for scholars to continue to advance further studies. But it is unlikely crime will ever be solved completely, for in some instances it is a necessary evil, yet it can be hoped that with the knowledge obtained thus far and that to be discovered crime and deviance might be reduced, prevented and controlled in the future to come.
If we studied through the history of criminal theory, spiritual and natural theories are taken as major theories of causation of crime. During medieval period, spiritual explanations were taken as punishment given by god for doing wrong things and any natural disasters like flood, fires, etc were evaluated as curse of high power. In modern period, the basic theories of causation of crime are classical theory, biological theory, psychological theory, cultural theory and conflict theory. The classical theory explains that free will acts as center of crime giving example of free will of children that may commit crime which cannot be paid once it committed. In the 19th century, the biological theory got public attention when Cesare Lombrose suggested that criminals cannot be identified by examining their body structures, number of toes, etc giving the research data that determined that ordinary people are mostly involved in crime than militants. Now, this theory is followed by Modern biological theory which signifies that chemical imbalance in brain results violence activities. It supports remarkable example of violence occurred due to lower portion of serotonin chemical and abuse of drugs alcohol (Fishbein 1990). Fishbein(2000) mentioned the relation of the damage of frontal lobe of brain and antisocial behavior. Similarly, psychological theory explains that mental illness of person convicts crime and is supported by Freud’s concept of id, ego and superego. Freud mentioned that any emotional trauma in children of 5 yrs age or above may result long –lasting negative influence. Likewise, the most common but important theory is sociological theory that deals with the conviction of crime ...
For decades now, including the years 1994 and 1995, the time of the O.J. Simpson murder trial, American law enforcement has used two major data sources to measure crime. First, there is the Uniform Crime Report or UCR. The UCR is compiled data from reported crimes, it is a very accurate system used for murder and those crimes that cannot go unnoticed. Next, we have The National Crime Victim Survey or NCVS which is a unanimous survey, better at accounting for the crimes that may not get reported, crimes such as rape or assault.
There is more than one way to collect statistics on crime. Morgan and Clare (2012) highlight a range of other sources for collecting crime data, one of which includes crime victim surveys. A survey is given to a sample population asking questions in relation to their recent experiences with crime in the last year (Morgan & Clare, 2012, p. 33). As highlighted by both Warren and Clare (2012) and Bishop (2004), crime victim surveys allow the collection of information straight from the victims, generating some variance in information, than that collected by the police. They are also able to reach into the previously mentioned dark figure of crime, by being able to include crimes that may not have been reported to the police. Bishop (2004, p. 69) suggests that because of this “these surveys tend to point to greater rates of crime and victimisation than are indicated by police data.” For example, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2016) state, “in the 12 months prior to interview in 2014-15, 97,800 persons in Victoria (2.1%) experienced physical assault. Of these, 51,300 (52%) reported the most recent incident to police.” Showing that 46,500 (48%) of people experienced physical assault and didn’t report it. So not all statistics are completely inaccurate and unrepresentative of
When a person violates a criminal law, society’s traditions generally demand that society should take some action against the person: an arrest should be made. In order for a police officer to make a lawful arrest he must have probable cause to justify the detention of a suspect. An arrest generally involves a person being taken into custody, where the person is not allowed to leave freely. Afterward, the accuser is taken to a local jail facility where the person is booked (Aberle, 2014).