1) The historians refer to the Late Bronze Age in the Middle East as a "cosmopolitan era" because they shared their cultures, lifestyle, and other ideas with other countries. Through the relations of states as well, there was the exchange of cultural ideas among one another. 2) The Assyrians and Hittites changed the political landscape of Western Asia by their superior military organization and their technology. They created new technology and weapons for the military, like launched stone projectiles, armored spearmen, cavalry equipment, and chariots. With these new technologies, military organizations became very strong, and had a better chance of beating their enemy. 3) The Hittite expansion impacted the culture of Hittites by exploiting the rich deposits of copper, iron, and silver from Anatolia, so that …show more content…
they were able to be involved in international commerce. The Hittites were advanced in technology because they were the first to create iron weapons and tools, which gave them a huge advantage economically, as well their military. 4) The Hyksos were able to come to dominate much of Egypt because they had advantages from their military technologies like their composite bow, and their iron weapons and tools. Having greater weapons against the Egyptians, gave them a huge advantage because they were undefeatable. 5) The Hyksos domination impacted Egypt because they began to intermarry with Egyptians. Also from that, the Hyksos began to adapt to the Egyptian culture and language, after living with them on their land. 6) Hatshepsut's influence on Egypt was uncommon for Egypt because when people began to realize she used the success that was the outcome of the expedition in order for her to claim her throne, people despised her. After her death, her name was erased from places where it was written. 7) An Egyptians priest would be hostile towards Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti because Akhenaten departed from the traditions that Egypt always had. He also made many changed to the Egyptian society and the religious beliefs the Egyptians followed. 8) Ramesses II might qualify for the title of "Greatest Egyptian Pharaoh of the New Kingdom Egypt" because for sixty years, and accomplished many things during his reign. He accomplished things like building many monumental projects that were impactful in Egypt. 9) Horses and horse-drawn chariots by soldiers and government agents had a huge impact on New Kingdom Egypt because the soldiers had greater speed and more power when attacking their opponent. The horse-drawn chariots were especially more impactful because with the chariot and the composite bow, the Egyptians were almost undefeatable. 10) The advantage of iron over bronze, is that iron is more stable and stronger than bronze. Many of the weapons and tools that were used, were made of iron because iron was more reliable than bronze for support. 11) The modern day nation that is most closely associated with the Mycenaeans and Minoans is the Cyprus and Aegean for transporting metals with each other. 12) The similarity Linear A, Linear B, and cuneiform share with each other, is that they all share the use of pictorial signs to represent the symbols. Also they listed everything on a table so that they could keep track of organized and coordinated productions. 13) In ancient Mycenaean culture, the Iliad gave an insight of cultural uniformity. The Mycenaean centers all had cultural uniformity, like the decorative styles and works of art. 14) The evidence that the various cultures of the Mediterranean and Western Asia interacted with one another in a peaceful manner exists from the overseas settlement that provided an outlet for excess population, new sources of trade goods, and new trading partners. 15) Historians consider the Neo-Assyrian lands an empire because the rulers of the empire struck out in campaigns, which led to the defeat of all the great kingdoms. Eventually the Assyrians created a new empire and dedicated it to the imperial center. 16) The Assyrian king played the role of the center of the Assyrian universe. He controlled all of the land, used all the people as his servants, made decisions, was the military leader, and did it all because the people believed his actions came from Ashur, the chief god. The government gamer popular supported for military campaigns with propaganda, royal inscriptions, and artwork. 17) The Assyrians utilized diasporas for Assyrian soldiers to beat out the opponents and for military campaigns.
Diasporas were helpful to the Assyrian community and were used by the Assyrians for their own benefit. 18) The efforts the Assyrians put forth in governing their empire were campaigns, dedication, organization, and technology. These efforts impacted the Assyrians in making their society a more stable place in live. 19) The Assyrian social classes compare to the classes that existed under Hammurbi's Babylon because the vast majority of the people according to the Assyrian social class worked on the land, and individual artisans and small workshops in the towns manufactured pottery, tools, and clothing. While under Hammurabi's Babylon, there were free, landowning slaves, farmers and citizens, and slaves. Both the Assyrian social classes and Hammurabi's Babylon had similar social classes in their society. 20) According to the Assyrians, a "human being" was someone who was qualified enough for the same legal protection, and was liable for the same labor and military service. This concept of what a "human being" was, changed how people viewed
others. 21) Abraham was a significant figure for the Israelites because the journeys that he took, were many of the experiences of generations and pastoralists. His journey included of events like when he escaped to Israel, and received a covenant with Yahweh, the Israelite God. The covenant was the Ten Commandments, which became a large part of many religions. 22) According to the Hebrew Bible, the covenant Yahweh made with the Israelites, was that he said that they would be his "Chosen People", as long as they promised to worship him, and only him. 23) The First Temple is an excellent example of the important the religion played in ancient Israel because its strengthened the relationship between religious and secular authority. It also gave the Israelites a set place to worship Yahweh. 24) Early Israelite women provided a good amount of goods and services to their family. Unlike other civilizations, Israelite women were well respected and did not have inequality. They had equal rights as their husbands, and did some of the work that men would usually do in other civilizations. 25) The impact the Diaspora of the Israelites under Nebuchadnezzar had on the Jewish culture and religion, was the deportees that prospered so well in their new home, that when later they were offered to return make to their homeland, the Israelites refused. 26) The evidence that exists to prove that the Phoenicians were a successful trading civilization, is that overseas settlement provided a solution on what to do for excess population, new sources of trade goods that would be beneficial, and new trading partners for the Phoenicians. 27) The Phoenician writing system includes about two dozen symbols, where each symbol had its own unique sound. The Phoenician system of writing compares to the Mesopotamia and Egyptian systems of written record because the Phoenician writing system contained symbols like the Mesopotamia and Egyptian systems of writing, and it was a way of communicating with others and recording the cultures of the society. 28) Tyrian purple is a product for the elite because Tyre was the major source. The color was popular among Persian and Hellenistic kings, and was the sign of a Roman senator. 29) The connection between Carthage and the Phoenicians is protection. Carthaginians usually ruled their empire indirectly, and let the Phoenicians become independent. Also, the Phoenician communities relied on Carthage for military protection, and followed their lead in foreign policy. 30) Carthage's foreign policy reflects its economic interests by protecting the sea lanes, accessing raw materials, and fostering trade. They owned the water, and even though foreign merchants were able to sail the water, if they tried to operate on their own, they were risking their life for death because the Carthaginians were very territorial. Everything belonged to them, however Carthage shared their territory with its surround countries. 31) I would not want to be a child of a Carthaginian elite because Carthage were cruel to young children. There were wall enclosures found, the burned bones of children were found in thousands of small, sealed urns. This kind of treatment existed and was common because child sacrifice was very common in Carthage.
The Persian empire was ruled by mainly kings and satraps, as the kingdom began to extend it’s reaches to other civilizations, this way of government became more dominant than the form of government before. A lot of the empire’s success is based on pulling skills from different cultures and bringing them together to better the empire. The Persians greatly affected culture because they set the basis for all empire to come and how those empires should use their resources to become a culturally diverse
From the text we are also given evident about how the Assyrians survived. When the author lists the items that Emperor Ashur-Nasir-Pal II won in conquest, he also makes note of cattle and their flocks of sheep. The Assyrians then carried off these animals for their own use. This reveals to us they are at least a pastoral society, however the author describes heaps of grain and straw leading us to the final conclusion that they were an agricultural society.
It is obvious that there was a hierarchical system, meaning some members of the society were more important than others. The most elite members of society were the king and the nobles. Following the nobles were the commoners, who were most likely farmers, merchants, or artisans. It can be noted that common class farmers played a major role in Babylonian society because of how much of the laws relate to farming and agriculture. The lowest members were slaves, who were most likely criminals or prisoners of war (Judge and Langdon, 25). The way a person was legally treated depended on their social rank. Social classes can easily be distinguished from one another when examining the laws in the code that deal with punishments for crimes. For example, one law states that if a man kills a freeborn pregnant woman, his daughter must be killed in return. However, if the woman was a servant, he would only have to pay a fine (“The Code of Hammurabi”). This suggests that a servant’s life is not as important as a freed person’s life, thus establishing a social
The first one is the Sumerian civilizations. Sumerian cities began in the south of Mesopotamia. Ruler was dependent upon to make sure that the city walls and irrigation systems were okay. Their government was based heavily on religion. They had created a system of laws which allowed them to keep order in their society. These laws were later called the Hammurabi’s Codes of Laws. The Sumerian cities also had a system of ranks. The ranks are as followed: leading family, priests, scribes, merchants, artisans, and peasant farmers. Majority of the population was made of farmers. As for education, only the royals went to school. Can you imagine only the upper class humans being able to go to school? Next, when the Mesopotamians were first civilizing women were equal to women. Although as time progressed the society became a fairly patriarchal society. Despite the women’s setbacks they still had some political rights. The Sumerians were polytheistic. Not surprising since it was an early civilization huh? They built ziggurats or a pyramid temple that soared towards the heavens. Although they were the first to create them Assyrians and the Babylonians also built them due to cultural diffusion. With these temples they praised their gods and thank them for all they have done. The Sumerians believed in an afterlife. Although they never went to extremes they buried their dead with weapons in case they needed them. The
The Assyrians built huge structures, some of which were the largest and most important buildings in all of Mesopotamia. These places were built to demonstrate the power of the kings. The Assyrian people worshipped their god Ashur at a shrine on the Tigris known by his name. The city of Ashur has had periods of influence, trading and conquering westwards into Turkey, but the Assyrians have also often been subject to more powerful groups from those regions such as Hittites. Ashurnasirpal established the Assyrian empire as the greatest yet seen in the Middle East. The Assyrians did this by having regular military campaigns to control and extend territories, using an army famed for ruthless efficiency. The Assyrians (HISTORY OF
All three societies had some form of belief in higher powers such as gods and other polytheistic beliefs. Ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt had more duties involving their beliefs compared to Greece because both of those societies had ways of taking care of their religious sites such as feeding the gods daily or cleaning the temple area daily whereas there was not a huge emphasis on daily chores for Greece. Each society had originated around an ecologically useful area. Greece had a better advantage when compared to Egypt and Mesopotamia because both were prone to flooding. The Nile in Egypt constantly overflowed or ran dry causing harm to those who lived off of the river. The laws of each society were very male centered. Men were dominant over women in each society, but women in Egypt and Greece had more rights than those of Mesopotamia. Egyptian women could sue and file for divorce while Greek women could get jobs and retain property. The men gained more repercussions in Greece seeing as how rape and adultery would initiate a fine in Athens and not joining the army in Sparta would make you lose citizenship and the right to marry. Each society was also governed in some way making them similar, but the way they were governed makes them different. Mesopotamia was ruled by whoever conquered them, Egypt was ruled by a king, and Greece also had a king or an elected official. Each society did have slaves in some way, along with lower class. Egypt and Greece gave the middle lower class the option to become somewhat of a higher class through education and money. Power was determined mainly by wealth, birth, and income in the societies in some shape or form. Military was more of an important focus in Egypt and Greece than in Mesopotamia. The family structure of each civilization is still male centered and the male typically controls the family. Marriage and divorce is common in all
A consistent characteristic among the first civilizations was social stratification. In most of the first civilizations, social hierarchies included kings, the elites, the working class, and slaves. Social stratification was evident in the Mesopotamian and Egyptian societies based off of the documents from the Babylonian Empire, The Law Code of Hammurabi, and the Egyptian student text, Be a Scribe. In the document The Law Code of Hammurabi, soldiers, farmers, salves, and other jobs are mentioned (96-97). In the document Be a Scribe, farmers, cobblers, soldiers, and various other jobs are mentioned (100-101). It is significant that these jobs are mentioned in both documents because it illustrates the similarities in these civilization’s social hierarchies. But, the similarities in their social structures do not end there. Special treatment based off of social standing was a consistent factor in both of these civilizations as well. This is clearly exemplified in Mesopotamia with the harshness of punishments for crimes being dependent on class (97). In Egypt, evidence of special treatment based off of social stratification is insinuated in the document Be a Scribe. This document delves into the negatives of having low class jobs and encourages people to become educated to grow in class rank (101). Despite these similarities, these two civilizations still held vastly different values and
5. Mesopotamian deities required humanity to worship and praise them. Basically, they were to be their servants.
...e people began to settle in villages the beginning of social class and government were formed to maintain order and a sense of security as a community. Other technological advances were made as well including the making of bronze to form stronger weapons and permanent homes.
The mesopotamians were one of the smartest people around. Their technology was state of the art for the time. They were the first to use the number zero and the first to label a circle 360 degrees. The mesopotamians had many other huge accomplishments such as the Tower of Babel which was mentioned in the bible multiple times.The Mesopotamians had a good government who created the class ladder. At the bottom were free workers such as slaves. Right above that were farmers and merchants. At the very top were professional soldiers, generally rich people, priests, and government officials. The system for slaves was somewhat loose. Slaves were generally captives of war or they were someone who had done something bad. You could get out of slavery by completing your punished amount of time, earn some money, then buy back their freedom.To continue on, like many civilizations, the Mesopotamians had hunting dogs. These dogs were called mastiffs, large and fearsome hunting dogs. The mesopotamians were one of the first to use the wheel. They used this advantage for hunting, transportation, and battle. The mesopotamians made early forms of writing. They used a small stick and pressed it into soft clay to make different shapes. The rulers of Mesopotamia built huge and awesome palaces. Usually these buildings would be made of precious items. There would be a court yard and behind it a throne ...
This shows, even if you were a slave, you had a role in Mesopotamians society and in the social
The new settlements helped the population to grow quickly. Farmers were able to have and maintain larger families. The changes in technology helped move modern man into the Bronze Age.
...ti-colored and multi-raced people, which was something that almost none of the other ancient empires had. It was a peaceful empire and was admired by many people. It had amazing acheivements in goverment, military and communication. It was the largest empire in the Ancient World and was an amazing empire, for the 250 years it lasted. The Persian Empire will be remembered as the largest empire in the ancient world and the most tolerant.
Mesopotamia ,now modern day Iraq, is known as the “cradle of civilization” and was located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Fertile Crescent. Mesopotamia was a very rich and very successful civilization; because of its convenient placement it was a very fruitful area having many people and excessive amounts of crops which meant lots of work. With all of these people came some amazing ideas and with ideas came reality. From this ancient civilization came some of the most revolutionary and life changing inventions such as writing, medicine, math and most importantly the wheel. All of these inventions have made an amazing impact on the world we live in now but the most revolutionary invention was the wheel.This invention was by far one of the most important inventions of its time and passes the other inventions such as, math, writing, medicine and other inventions because this made not only work less difficult but life as well ,it Increased supplies and containers, helped explore new lands, made trading with farther places and obtaining more goods easier, fewer men needed for heavy work, etc, while the other invent...
Ancient Mesopotamia was one of the first of the ancient civilizations. It formed in present-day northeastern Egypt, in the Fertile Crescent. The Fertile Crescent is a crescent-shaped region of good farmland created by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The first people to settle in Mesopotamia made important contributions to the world, such as wheeled vehicles, and an early form of writing called Cuneiform. Later, the Phoenicians here developed an alphabet much like the one we use today. Also, the Sumerians of this region developed algebra and geometry. Most importantly, the Sumerians made extensive irrigation systems, dikes, and canals to protect their crops from floods. The Great Hammurabi of Babylon, another empire in the Fertile Crescent, made the Code of Hammurabi. It was the first significant set of laws in history. Also, the Hittites and the Lydians settled in Mesopotamia. The Hittites developed a way to produce strong plows and weapons. The Lydians created a system of coined money. The contributions from the region of Mesopotamia in ancient times are still used today and are very useful.