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Historical development of the internet
Historical development of the internet
Historical development of the internet
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1.4 – Reference Models
Section 1.4 is basically the author telling us about two important network architectures, the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP reference model. The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) deals with connecting opens systems, which are systems that talk with other systems. This model has seven layers: the physical layer, the data link layer, the network layer, the transport layer, the session layer, the presentation layer, and the application layer. From this information, we discover that the OSI model is used only for its model (the 7 layers) and not as a network architecture since it doesn’t specify the exact services and protocols to be used in each layer.
Next, the writer goes over the second type of network architecture - the TCP/IP reference model, the granddaddy of the wide area computer network. This architecture allows the connection of multiple networks seamlessly. The architecture is flexible and capable of running even if some of the subnet hardware is destroyed or non-functional as long as the source and destination machines are functioning. In a similar fashion to the OSI model, the TCP/IP model has layers as well. In this case, we have four layers: the link
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First up, the Internet. The Internet is a vast collection of different networks that use certain common protocols and provide certain common services. In this section, they go into great detail about the history, like how it started as a military project, and even talk about how users gain access to the modern version through ISPs (Internet Service Providers). For our second example, the author writes about third-generation mobile phone networks, or 3G. Initially deployed in 2001, this systems offers both digital voice and broadband digital data services. One benefit to this system is mobility which comes from the ability of data to be handed off from one cell tower to
A switch can be used to make various connections. Ethernet, Token Ring, and various other types of packet switched network segments together to form a heterogeneous network operating at OSI Layer 2.
Either the purpose of electronic cigarette is to help smokers or guide non-smokers to quit smoking cigarettes, this issue has been the primary debate for almost five years. Many people consider e-cigarettes very helpful for smokers, while other people believe that e-cigarettes are directing non-smokers to smoke conventional cigarettes. As of today, many teenagers all over the United States of America have tried e-cigarettes because they think e-cigarettes are not harmful. The fact whether e-cigarettes are harmful or not is a question that people ask several times, but there is no evidence to show that they are harm. In spite of the fact that an answer to this issue is essential, many people's concerns are not e-cigarettes themselves but their impact on non-smokers.
The history of the internet shows that the internet is not a new medium. The internet was initially created in the 1960's to as a way for the United States to stay connected in case of a nuclear fallout due to the possible consequences of the Cold War. F...
Explain how the two important transport protocols deliver messages on behalf of the application and discuss the differences between them
When developing an architecture for a system, there are different patterns which can be used depending on the needs of the customer and the requirements of the new system. One of the popular architectures is the client-server architecture. According to Sommerville (2011), the client-server architecture functionality of the system is broken into services with the services being delivered from a server and the clients are the users of the services, (p. 161). An example of client-server is an employee logging into Active Directory network. The computer they are logging into is the client, and then it pulls information from the server to give that employee the rights and access to the network they need for their job duty. The client-server pattern is used when need to share data in databases over a range of locations.
This is an important aspect of a network, this shows the way data flows and also monitors the performance of the network. In reality, there are three main essential layers in the OSI model when send a packet, which are the physical layer, data Link layer, Network Layer.
The protocol stack is built up with a few layers and planes, namely application layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer, physical layer. And the planes are task management plane, mobility management plane and power management plane. The block diagram of a protocol stack is shown below
TCP/IP is composed of four layers. All this layers are meant to provide different functionalities in order for the packets to reach their destination. The diagram below represents a TCP/IP protocol. In this diagram, it clearly shows the TCP/I...
... middle of paper ... ... TCP/IP operates at levels 3 and 4 of the OSI model.
From the protocol operation perspective, the existing protocols can be classified into negotiation based, query based, QoS based, multipath based and coherent-based protocols.
[10] Gregor Schaffrath, Anja Feldmann, Mario Kind, “Network Virtualization Architecture: Proposal and Initial Prototype” August, 2009.
The Internet, once concealed inside government agencies and universities, has become the largest single form of communication worldwide. With a number of online individuals exceeding thirty millions and the number of networks that act as gateways for users exceeding fifty thousands, the Internet's boundaries can only be imagined. Often described by the media as “the information superhighway”, the internet offers to customary users a wide variety of services, but also some drawbacks.
The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The Internet enables communication and transmission of data between computers at different locations. The Internet is a computer application that connects tens of thousands of interconnected computer networks that include 1.7 million host computers around the world. The basis of connecting all these computers together is by the use of ordinary telephone wires. Users are then directly joined to other computer users at there own will for a small connection fee per month. The connection conveniently includes unlimited access to over a million web sites twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. There are many reasons why the Internet is important these reasons include: The net adapts to damage and error, data travels at 2/3 the speed of light on copper and fiber, the internet provides the same functionality to everyone, the net is the fastest growing technology ever, the net promotes freedom of speech, the net is digital, and can correct errors. Connecting to the Internet cost the taxpayer little or nothing, since each node was independent, and had to handle its own financing and its own technical requirements.
The internet is a total of mediums which are connected between them with channels of communication. The internet is actually an internet after it connects to smaller networks of many countries. The internet rouses the computer and the world of the communications like nothing else before. The invention of the computer, of the telephone, of the telegraph etc, set the stage for this unprecedented completion of faculties. The internet becomes right away a world capable radio broadcast, a mechanism for the distribution of information and a means for the cooperation and the interaction between the individuals and their computers, being indifferent to the geographic place.
Exploring The Internet The Internet is like a network of networks where any computer can link up to information stored within it. It is accessed by a telecommunications line and a modulator-demodulator (MODEM). It is brought to your computer screen by converting analogue telephone signals into digital computer signals. There are many advantages and disadvantages on the Internet.