Difference Between Louisiana Purchase

TREATIES

Between the Louisiana Purchase and 1839, there were three major periods of land cessions between Osage land and the United States.

Treaty With the Osage, 1808

The Osage Treaty of 1808 was signed at Fort Clark, on the bank of the Missouri River, and the treaty was forged because the government was anxious to promote peace, friendship and intercourse with the Osage tribes. The government also wanted to protect them from the insults and injuries of other tribes of Indians. The government wanted to move the Osage so that other tribes could have some territory. Those tribes were being forced west by the government taking their lands. To try to restore peace between the Osage and the United States, the Treaty of 1815 was created in the

wake of the War of 1812.5
The treaty forced the Osage Nation to cede 52.5 million acres of land in Arkansas and Missouri. In exchange, the Osage received $1,200 in cash and $1,500 in merchandise.
Treaty With the Osage, 1818
The second treaty, signed 10 years later, was a response to intrusion of the Osage lands by Euro-American and eastern tribes. This treaty forced Osage land cessions to the US, which were used to push the Cherokee tribe farther west. The tribe ceded its remaining 1.8 million acres in Arkansas and Oklahoma, with no compensation. The tribe then moved to Kansas in 1820 and some of the Missouri bands of the tribe moved farther west to the Neosho River.
Treaty with the Osage, 1825 & 1839
A third treaty, signed in 1825 (and again in 1839), forced the Osage to cede all remaining land (Missouri, Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma) and move to a reservation along the Kansas border.

The tribe ceded a total of 96.8 million acres in the three treaties, for a total compensation of $166,000. However, the Osage Nation recovered its wealth when it was forced to move from Kansas to Oklahoma. ,

During this time Congress passed the Indian Removal Act on May 28, 1830. The law authorized President Andrew Jackson to remove tribes to federal territory (via negotiation) west of the Mississippi River. The non-Indian people were in support of the act because they wanted those lands. There was a lot of resistance from the Indians with this act and the forcing of the other tribes out of their homeland created an issue for the Osage Nation because the government wanted to move them to the Osage’s current lands. In 1834, Congress created the first Indian Territory that later became the State of Oklahoma (minus the

panhandle).
Unratified Treaty of 1863
(Agreement with the Cherokee and other tribes in the Indian Territory, 1965)

Intruders wanted the Osage land in the Neosho Valley and an effort was made to get the Osage out.

The treaty included one cessation of 1,500 square miles of the eastern part of the Osage reserve for $300,000, and one cession of a trust area on the north side of the Osage reserve for 25 cents an acre. When the treaty was submitted to the Osages for Amendment, they refused the terms and the treaty died.

Treaty with the Osage, 1865 (Canville Treaty)

On September 19, 1865 a land cession treaty was signed at Canville Trading Post. The Great and Little Osage Indians had enough land to do what they needed to for their occupation, but had no money to live on because previous funds from other treaties had ended. The Osage ceded 871,791.11 aces and the total amount for the sale of the land was $776,931.58.7 The Osage tribe was compensated for the cession and sale of the land by the United States. The US “agreed to pay the sum of three hundred thousand dollars, which sum shall be placed to the credit of said tribe of Indians in the Treasury of the United States, and interest thereon at the rate of five per centum per annum shall be paid to said tribes semi-annually, in money, clothing, provisions, or such articles of utility as the Secretary of the Interior may, from time to time,

direct.”7
The treaty stated that the lands were to be surveyed and sold under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior (SOI) for cash. Further, “after reimbursing the United States the cost of said survey and sale, and the said sum of three hundred thousand dollars placed to the credit of said Indians, the remaining proceeds of sales shall be placed in the Treasury of the United States to the credit of the ‘civilization fund,’ to be used, under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, for the education and civilization of Indian tribes residing within the limits of the United States.”7
The treaty also ceded land that would be held in trust for the Osage Indians and sold for their benefit at a price no less than $1.25 per acre.7 This cession was known as the Osage Trust Lands and thanks to a change in Presidential administration, Andrew Jackson was more favorable to the Osage and gave them more money for their land.7,14 The remaining piece of land became the Osage Diminished Reserve. After this treaty was enacted the tribe moved to this reservation. Some settled on Pumpkin Creek in the Verdigris Valley and several bands settled at the junction of Fall River, both in the State of Kansas.7,14

Sturges Treaty of 1868
This treaty was negotiated between the US and the Osage Tribe and submitted to the US House and Senate, but it was never ratified. The treaty proposed to sell the 8,000,000-acre reserve to the railroad directly, for 20 to 25 cents per acre. During the 1860’s, settlers were invading the Osage land at high volumes to the point that the tribe requested US military assistance to keep them out. The settlers strongly opposed the treaty and lobbied against it. Their lobbying paired with lobbying members of the House and Senate the treaty failed.11
There became a critical need to get the Osage tribe out of Kansas and moved to a new reservation and hence, the Drum Creek Treaty was born.
The Drum Creek Treaty / The Act of July 15, 1870 – Removal of Osage Tribe from Kansas
Under the Drum Creek Treaty, the tribe received $7 million, which enabled them to purchase 1.5 million acres of land from the Cherokee and relocate to Indian Territory in Oklahoma (by way of Executive Order, March 27, 1871). The treaty was passed by Congress on July 15, 1870 and ratified by the Osage in a meeting in Kansas on September 10, 1870. 11, The Osage Indians bought their own reservation and because of that, they retained more rights to the land and sovereignty.11 The Osage were not removed in the same manner as other tribes. “The Osage Reservation was part of Osage territory in Oklahoma that had previously been ceded to the United States and divided among emigrant tribes that had been removed from their home territories. Although the Osage were not arbitrarily moved to their reservation’s location, they were not spared the harmful impact of removal.”
Once in Oklahoma, the Osage tribe established and dominated three towns – Pawhuska, Hominy, and Fairfax. It took the Osage tribe many years after their removal from Kansas to recover from the hardship they encountered during their last years there. “For nearly five years during the depression of the 1870’s, the Osage did not receive their full annuity in cash.” During this time, the population of the tribe started to dwindle.11 The population decreased from nearly 5,000 people in 1870 to 1,500 in 1890, and it was thought to be because of inadequate medical supplies and scarcity of food.11 Mostly due to the Government failing to provide full or quality rations and goods as part of their agreement. The Osage tribe sent a delegation in 1879 to Washington, DC in hopes to get the annuity paid in full in cash. An agreement was made and they became the first Native American nation to gain full cash payment of annuities, which helped them to build up their tribe again.11