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In 1976, deliberate indifference standard was established by the United States Supreme Court in the Estelle v. Gamble case. In correctional liability issues, deliberate indifference standards for inmates can be applied when there are neglect and inadequate health care, psychological care, AIDS, environmental hazards, prison and jail conditions, and failure to protect one from harm. Each of these is a basic right and if violated, can affect their constitutional right to the Eighth Amendment, which, prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. When the Eighth Amendment constitutional right is violated, an inmate can bring forth a Section 1983. I'm going to discuss deliberate indifference and its standards, the responsibility that Sherry and the prison …show more content…
In the Farmer v. Brennan case, (1994), the Supreme Court held that deliberate indifference is a continuum and is "mere negligence and something less than acts or omissions for the very purpose of causing harm (Ross, 2014). Although deliberate indifference isn't easily defined as one, separately, each word has a meaning. "Deliberate" conveys that a specific action was chosen out of other options and "Indifference" conveying that one has consciously disregarded another's' rights. In the Section 1983 Standard, sherry must provide evidence that the officials failed to protect her. She must show evidence that the officers knew of the risk by placing her in general population and the harm that she was subjected to and their disregard for those risk. I agree with the court's reasoning in developing this standard because I believe that it is vital to have information about situations such as this because accusations can get people in a lot of trouble and can bring forth some serious consequences if the accusations turn out to be false and lives can be affected in a negative way. However, trying to provide evidence that one's rights have been violated can be hard because if the accusations are true, obtaining evidence in some cases can't be shown or there is a lack in …show more content…
Brennan case, I would say that Sherry may have a case and may prevail. I would say this because the official disregarded what could potentially happen if they placed Sherry into the general population. Sherry, who was born a male, but lived as a woman and in jail would cause a lot of attention, especially unwanted attention by other males. Secondly, the medical doctor recommended that she be placed in segregation for her own safety and lastly, when they had placed her in "D block" of the general population, they placed her with seven sex offenders. I would say that officers knew of the potential risk even the warning from a medical doctor and yet they disregarded it and placed her in harm's way. But on the other hand, I would say Sherry is also held responsible because she was also aware of the risk of being placed in general population and what could potentially happen. She continuously requests to be put with others. Given the analysis of the Farmer v. Brennan court case, the officers in Sherry's case failed to take measures, limit or eliminate risk to ensure that she was safe from harm. Furthermore, I would think Farmer would have had a case being that she was born male but looked female due to hormonal therapy that she would be in danger, but I assume she didn't have a case because she didn't object to being placed in general
They reasoned that since Barnett didn’t either argue against the dismissal of negligence claim at the time of its dismissal or include the claim in subsequent revisions, she had no support for her claim that the court had erred in dismissing her claim of negligence. The court also ruled that the language of section 3-108(b) of the Tort Immunity Act meant that complete, unconditional immunity was to be offered if supervision was present. As a result of this interpretation, the issue of if the lifeguards had committed willful and wanton misconduct was rendered irrelevant. Since the issues of material fact raised by the appellant weren’t actually issues of material fact, the Supreme Court affirmed the District and Appellate Court’s motion and subsequent affirmation of summary
The majority established this rationale by citing Kaisner Vs Kolb, McCain V. Florida Power Corps., City of Miami V. Horne, and Pinellas County written General Order A-9 as the basis for their reasoning. In these cases, with the exception of General Order A-9, the court opinion had been that law enforcement officers are liable for injuries caused by their own negligent or failure to adhere to standard public safety policy.
The appeal was heard in The NSW Supreme Court, Court of Appeal. The appellant appealed the issue of “blameless accidents” therefore providing new evidence, with the view that the preceding judge made an error recognising the content and scope of duty of care. He also noted the breach of duty of care and causation .
The movie “A Civil Action” released on January 8, 1999 provides viewers with an extraordinary story of the nightmare that occurred in Woburn Massachusetts in the late 1970’s. The people of this small town at the time had no idea what was going on until there were various cases of Leukemia in small children that ultimately resulted in the early passing of them. The people eventually had gone to find out that the drinking water in this small town was contaminated and there were many women that stepped in to get answers. This movie is a tremendously jaw dropping, eye opening account of a heartbreaking true story incident. There are various elements of negligence in this movie including, duty, legal cause, proximate cause and damages.
...pinion” (Roberts, Grossman, 2012, 262). This system is successful at helping convicted persons, however, there are very few applicants. This is due to many factors including; the strenuous application process, the pride of the accused that does not want to seek “mercy”, and a lack of awareness regarding the program among inmates (Roberts, Grossman, 2012, 262).
In the case Lunsford v. Board of Nurse Examiners, the nurse had an unprofessional conduct by violating a duty to her patient leaving the patient unattended and at risk of complications (BON, 2013a). Lunsford, as a professional nurse had the responsibility to assess the patient’s medical status and treat the patient within her scope of practice taking the appropriate measurements to prevent the worse, regardless of the doctor’s orders of sending the patient to another facility. “The Board of Nurse Examiners in Texas suspended the nurse’s license to practice after the Board found that the nurse’s conduct was unprofessional and dishonorable conduct likely to injure the public” (Wolf, 1986, p. 222). Nurse Lunsford fail to take the patient’s vital signs, and did not implement the nursing interventions required to stabilize the patient’s condition or to prevent complications. Her conduct is considered an “unprofessional conduct,” which is any act, practice, or administration that does not conform the accepted standards of nursing practice. Also, this case is a clear example of the nurse responsibility and accountability to act independently regardless of the physician’s order when this order is not safe for the patient. If the nurse has any objections about an order, the nurse has the obligation to question the physician. By no doing so, the nurse violates the nurse-patient relationship and put at risk the patient’s safety. In a situation, in which a physician’s order put the patient at risk, the nurse has the obligation to exert her professional judgement and withdraw from rendering services ordered by the physician (Wolf, 1986, p.
Many people have tried to stop the use of solitary confinement by calling it “Cruel and Unusual Punishment. (Holt vs. Sarver, 1969).” People also say that it is a direct violation of our eighth amendment rights. The definition of cruel and unusual punishment is as follows: “Such punishment as would amount to torture or barbarity, any cruel and degrading punishment not known to the Common Law, or any fine, penalty, confinement, or treatment that is so disproportionate to the offense as to shock the moral sense of the community. (Farflex Inc., 2011).” Studies show that solitary confinement can alter the mental state of a prisoner so far that it is detrimental to his or her health; I see no reason why this cannot be classified as cruel and unusual punishment. In an experiment conducted by the BBC’s Horizon group, they studied the effects ...
Metzner, J. L., & Fellner, J. (2010). Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in U.S. Prisons: A Challenge for Medical Ethics. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 38(1), 104-108.
In the case of Tomcik v. Ohio Dep’t of Rehabilitation & Correction, the main issue present was the medical negligence demonstrated by the staff of the medical clinic at the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction towards the inmate Tomcik. Specifically, nonfeasance, or the “failure to act, when there is a duty to act as a reasonably prudent person would in similar circumstances” (Pozgar, 2016, p. 192), was displayed when the employees at the medical clinic failed to give immediate medical attention to Tomcik when she continually signed the clinic list and “provided the reason she was requesting
The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution states, “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” The key phrase to examine when determining the constitutionality of capital punishment is “cruel and unusual punishments.” The question that must be answered are ‘what makes a punishment cruel and unusual’ and if or how these standards apply to capital punishment. According to Supreme Court Associate Justice William Brennan “the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause ‘must draw its meaning from the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society” (Brennan 32). Judging from thi...
In dealing with Prison Procedure, I feel that many things are put into perspective all the way from intake to the release of an inmate back into the community or until they have served their sentence and their time is up. Everything in a prison must be on close watch. The workers should be watched just as well as the inmates. All the prisons procedures should be followed under a very strict manner to ensure that the prison functions properly and effectively.
Cruel and unusual punishment has been seen throughout history and has been shaped and molded ever since the constitution we have today was ratified. Being apart of the Eighth Amendment the cruel and unusual punishment clause can have many interpretations when it comes to what is considered “cruel and unusual”. Kenneth Jost explains in his article by CQ Researcher called “Sentencing Debates”, “1960’s-1970’s: Calls for sentencing reform: Liberals seek to reduce disparities; conservatives want to provide certainty, check ‘leniency’ by judges, parole boards” (Jost). The author discusses how in the early 1960’s people were trying to limit the rights of a judge's ability to sentence someone unfairly by invoking a sentence reform. This sentence reform would then be a basis for which all judges would use to sentence someone who is said to be guilty for a crime. In 1988 new laws were set that went along with the cruel and unusual punishment clause of the Eighth Amendment. In the subarticle “Are the federal guidelines unconstitutional?” Jost explains, “ Supre...
Before the jury stands the defendant. There is overwhelming evidence in the favor of the prosecution. The verdict comes back from the jury, not guilty. Why? The defendant is a woman. In our era of equal rights and civil liberties women have made great strides in their advancement and role in society, yet it seems that gender segregates when it comes to crime. There have been countless cases where women and men have been tried for the same crime, yet when it comes to verdict and sentencing, the results don’t necessarily match. If one commits a crime one should be punished accordingly regardless of gender. In our society we seem to have two separate rules for our criminals, one for men and one for women. The key issue is are men and women treated equally by the criminal justice system. Another issue in gender biased sentencing is in its is its severity. Are women sentenced heavier for certain crimes then men.
There have been several different court cases that have challenged the practices that are conducted in the women’s prison. These cases include Barefield v. Leach, Glover v. Johnson, Todaro v. Ward, Cooper v. Morin, and Carnterino v. Wilson. Barefield v. Leach occurred in 1974 was important for women because it set the standard through which the courts could measure whether women received a lower standard of treatment compared to men. Todaro v. Ward followed in 1977 this case declared that the failure to provide access to health care for incarcerated women was a violation of the Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment. Glover v. Johnson was next in 1979 it held that the state must provide the same opportunities for education, rehabilitation, and vocational training for females as provided for male offenders. Finally the last major court case that challenged the practices in a women’s prison is Cooper v. Morin which occurred in 1980. This particular case held that the equal protection clause prevents prison administrators from justifying the disparate treatment of women on the grounds that provided such services for women is inconvenient. At the end of the day theses court case stated that “males and females must be treated equally unless there is a substantial reason which requires a distinction to be made”. (Canterino v.
There is a strict distinction between acts and omissions in tort of negligence. “A person is often not bound to take positive action unless they have agreed to do so, and have been paid for doing so.” (Cane.2009; 73) The rule is a settled one and allows some exceptions only in extreme circumstances. The core idea can be summarized in “why pick on me” argument. This attitude was spectacularly demonstrated in a notoriously known psychological experiment “The Bystander effect” (Latané & Darley. 1968; 377-383). Through practical scenarios, psychologists have found that bystanders are more reluctant to intervene in emergency situations as the size of the group increases. Such acts of omission are hardly justifiable in moral sense, but find some legal support. “A man is entitled to be as negligent as he pleases towards the whole world if he owes no duty to them.” (L Esher Lievre v Gould [1893] 1 Q.B. 497) Definitely, when there is no sufficient proximity between the parties, a legal duty to take care cannot be lawfully exonerated and imposed, as illustrated in Palmer v Tees Health Authority [1999] All ER (D) 722). If it could, individuals would have been in the permanent state of over- responsibility for others, neglecting their own needs. Policy considerations in omission cases are not inspired by the parable of Good Samaritan ideas. Judges do favour individualism as it “permits the avoidance of vulnerability and requires self-sufficiency. “ (Hoffmaster.2006; 36)