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The Development of English Grammar
Plato's perspective
Plato's perspective
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I believe that while we may identify people trying to rise to the challenge of being a “language authority”, no one can succeed in becoming one, as the responsibility that comes with that title is too great to assume by oneself. The only “authority” that drives the changes a language suffers is the entire body of everyday speakers, who unconsciously push it towards an innate model they have embedded in their minds.
First of all, we should note that even though language is a tool we use to convey meaning and exchange ideas between members of the same community, everyone has a unique copy of this tool – what we call “common language” is actually a collection of mutually intelligible dialects we created upon learning the language and gradually refined by using it. Since the language acquiring process is unique for each speaker, the end product is too. For instance, the meanings we attribute to generic words vary between individuals1, as they have to encompass a class of objects rather than an individual item. This aspect allows small differences in the exact meaning of a word – what I consider a chair might not be one in someone else 's version of English, but that does not mean that we lack a common general notion of what a chair should be like – while small details may differ “the big picture” is still the same. Therefore, language only exists as a concept that encompasses all of the generally accepted and employed ways of conveying meaning and cannot be someone 's special property in its entirety2 – since we are the only users of our personal dialect, we know more about it than anyone else ever could, meaning that no one can claim jurisdiction over any version of the language other than their own.
Additionally, Plato 's “Cratyl...
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...fulfill the only role an authoritative figure has left if we take into account Chomsky 's theory.
To sum up, we do not have a language authority in the conventional meaning of the word. What we have is the natural governing power of public scrutiny, unified under the theory of universal grammar. What is left for the conscious mind to handle – noting down the evolution of language – is still too difficult to handle, as history has shown numerous times, but we should nevertheless keep trying, as those efforts reinforce the unity of the language in conjunction with the direct effects of our innate sense of syntax. Therefore, we can accurately say that the only language authority we have is the combined influence of all speakers of a language and their only role is to instinctively move the language forward towards the grammatical model that is embedded into our brains.
Language has the power to influence and reshape our thoughts and actions. In Anthem, by Ayn Rand, there is a society which controls the language of everyone in it. Under the World Council, everyone is to follow the many rules put in place and no one even tries to break them. There is no “I” in their language, there is only “we”. With the power to influence and reshape people, language has a big impact on our thoughts and actions.
Since it’s been a predominant topic of our discussion, let us talk about the infamous English language. We can be sure that it has painstakingly progressed throughout generations of reevaluation and modernization, and has thus become what it is today. It has gone in several directions to try and mesh with the various epochs of language, from the Shakespearean era to the common English slang we use now, we can all agree that English is a language that has been transcending and will continue to transcend into many
Throughout the span of the past few weeks I have traversed the globe, visiting several countries and regions, only to realize that although new methods develop, language as a way of expressing ones self has remained the most effective. Despite this fact, language still has its pitfalls. Neil Postman, in his essay “Defending Against the Indefensible,'; outlines seven concepts that can be used to aid a student in better understanding the language as a means of communication. He describes how modern teaching methods leave a student vulnerable to the “prejudices of their elders';, further stating that a good teacher must always be skeptical. He urges teachers of all subjects to break free from traditional teachings as well as “linguistical tyranny';
When I finished reading a piece of ‘How to tame a wild tongue’, I went on a journey to recall if I had a similar situation. In the reading Anzaldua implies that her language has been alienated through constant heat from both sides (English and Spanish), through this quarrel emerged a new language that was neither English nor Spanish “but both” (Anzaldua, 77). The journey – proves Anzaldua’s point - recalled past events that clearly pointed that what I speak is neither English nor Spanish but a variation of both. This occurred to me when I would talk to friends, I would include words that were officially incorrect in English or Spanish, but they were a part of my culture. For instance, when I would speak to my friends, we would use certain
How can it be that something so uniquely human and commonplace in our everyday existence as language, could transcend the limits of our immediate understanding? We all know how to speak and comprehend at least one language, but defining what we actually know about that language an infinitely more demanding process. How can a child without previous knowledge of the construction and concepts of language be born into the world with an innate ability to apprehend any dialect? Mark Baker, in his book The Atoms of Language, seeks to address these unsettling questions, proposing as a solution, a set of underlying linguistic ingredients, which interact to generate the wide variety of languages we see today.
Language, according to Owens (2012, p. 6), “can be defined as a socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols”. Language is thought to be a complex system; however, it can be broken down into three different components. These three components consist of content, form, and use. Within these three components, language has five main components which includes semantics, morphology, phonology, syntax, and pragmatics (Owens, 2012, p. 18).
Bagno asserts that if the grammar books do not account the innovative forms in them, the problem is entirely theirs not the populations. If purists chose to continue speaking in the traditional way, it is their right. Nobody is obliged to adopt innovations. “All we ask is that the other forms are also considerate correct”. (BAGNO, 2009).
Sociolinguists such as Eckert (2000) and Milroy (2004) have made provocative efforts to incorporate linguistic-anthropological concepts into sociolinguistic explanation (Woolard, 2008) and foundational studies by Creese (2008) include major works describing the paradigm. Rampton (2007), described the methodological tenants behind LE. LE research is yet a developing discipline that serves as a way of enriching a fundamentally linguistic project. In fact, the formulation of LE covers a large and older body of scholarship on language and culture (Rampton, Maybin, & Roberts, 2014), while simultaneously necessitating and interdisciplinary collaboration of theories and skills, thus blurring the boundaries between branches of variationist, sociological and ethnographic sociolinguistics (Tusting & Maybin, 2007). LE research on language change (Ekert, 2000) and a cultural model of cognition (Levinson, 1996) are worthwhile examples. However, the examples in the following sections serve more as a focus on contributions of LE to the field of
One of the first things we learn and obtain as children is language. We are not just simply obtaining language but we are being socialized by it. Language socialization is learning a language in culturally specific ways which then helps one become members of their group (Schiefflin). We are learning meanings of linguistic words and sentences that are not just conveying logical meaning but also indexing social meanings. "In every community, members have available to them linguistic resources for communicating such social meaning at the same time as they are providing other levels of information"(Ochs). So it isn 't just what is being said, but why or when something is being said that holds
Modgil, Sohan and Celia Modgil. Noam Chomsky: Consensus and Controversy. New York: The Falmer Press, 1987.
First, nature of power argued in Discourse Analysis is related to the nature of language. Using language in life is accompanied by using its power. Different conditions vary the power and the language. Language functions change and maintain power relationship. How to negotiate, resist or change that relationship is case study in itself. Whenever power is an issue, there are two sides. Those sides never come to an equal position. There is a reason why we say what we speak or write; there is always a reason behind spoken or written text. People need to be aware on language use and never underestimate the condition of language use. “Discussing the categories of definitions for discourse and discourse analysis, the author is careful to distinguish between formal and functional approaches to the topic” (Stoehr 53-54) by that language is essential to choose appropriate linguistic rules. Each person is at some point the dominate side and at another point he is the weak link. Therefore, being aware of power of language and how the use of it can achieve your goal is essential to resist and change of others’ domination. Linguistics have no relation to the power of language, they only study language...
“The language is dynamism, it is a living, changing, polymorphic body, and that belongs to the people; It's not the linguists who produce it” (Betti, Silvia). As the previous text explain, the vocabulary of the society and the people who are part of it is in constantly movement, the generations are passing and as old words are being forgotten, another new ones are created in order to make use of the “adaptation” that is special in the human because not only the past is the father of the Spanglish, the technology is making progress every day and that change the kind of words that we use, in other words, The past is the one who created the Spanglish but it is the future who keep it alive.
Chomsky, N. (2000). Knowledge of language: Its mature, origin and use. In R. J. Stainton (Ed.), Perspectives in the philosophy of language: A concise anthology (pp. 3-44). Peterborough: Broadview Press.
Language is a part of our everyday lives, and we can describe the meaning of language in many ways. As suggested in Gee and Hayes (2011, p.6 ) people can view language as something in our minds or something existing in our world in the form of speech, audio recordings, and writings or we can view language as a way of communicating with a group of people. Language can be used to express our emotions, make sense of our mental and abstract thoughts and assists us in communicating with others around us. Language is of vital importance for children to enable them to succeed in school and everyday life. Everyone uses both oral and written language. Language developed as a common ability amongst human beings with the change
Languages are continually changing and developing, and these changes occur in many different ways and for a variety of reasons. Language change is detectable to some extent in all languages, and ‘similar paths of change’ can be recognised in numerous unrelated languages (Bybee, 2015, p. 139). Since users of language all over the world have ‘the same mental processes’ and ‘use communication for the same or very similar ends’ (Bybee, 2015, p. 1), similar changes occur on the same linguistic aspects, and in many cases these changes produce similar results in multiple languages. However, language change is limited by the function it performs. Languages must be learnt to such an extent which allows communication between the generation above and below one’s own (McMahon, 1994, p. 5). Hence language change is a gradual, lethargic process, as only small changes in