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Analysis of history of indian literature in english
Essay on modern education in india
Modern education in india essay
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Decolonizing and Restructuring English Education in India.
Abstract
We have, in this paper, tried to discuss how colonization, thanks to Macaulay’s Minute has impacted the educational system in India over the past few centuries and the need to restructure the English education in India. It has been observed that introduction of Indian writings in English in addition to the original English writings to a large extent can help us learn English well.
Key Words: Decolonization, English language, Indian education system, Macaulay’s Minute, teachers, Indian writings in English
Introduction
India is a country with a long history in English speaking. But, the story of how English came to India is still contested a issue and an ideological debate in
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Globalization has re defined the country’s outlook. It gas turned its cities into hubs of various cultures and the common thread that holds them together is English. The language studies should help in developing broad, outward approach and the indication of global literature is a move towards this goal. The framework should ensure proper financial and technological assistance to schools and colleges as well as innovative teaching methodologies and techniques.
Role of Language in inculcating values
A careful section of texts and modes of instructions must be ensured so as to meet each age group’s requirements, be it the four aspects of language, i.e. listening, speaking, reading and writing, or creative and imaginative aspects as well. The role of teachers, technology and infrastructure is quite important in this regard. Also, languages are considered to be the means to inculcate values and ethics into the young minds. Already, some of the books from NCERT and CBSE have altered their policies and framework in favor of these ideas. The progress, however, seems to be slow especially in the higher rungs.
The British considered Indian civilization to be inferior and implemented their western ways, overriding ancient Indian customs. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that British imperialism in India resulted in both positive as well as negative reforms in political, economic and social aspects of its new colony. To begin with, one can observe that the British colonizers did indeed improve Indian civilization by developing means of communication and transport. They built a great number of bridges, over 40,000 miles of railway and paving an astounding 70,000 miles of road (Doc. 4. The adage of the adage.
This investigation seeks to discover whether or not the Sepoy revolution in 1857 had a sufficient impact on India’s rise to independence and separation from the British Empire. The Sepoy revolution was a revolution of the Sepoy soldiers in 1857, and complete independence from the British Empire was not achieved by Indians until 1947. Therefore, did the Sepoy revolution catalyze their rise to independence, or was independence inevitable? The impact of the Sepoy Revolution will be found by looking at the effects of the Sepoy revolution and determining whether or not they were key factors in the rise to independence. A variety of sources will be used. Two important sources that will be used during this investigation are Indian Summer by Alex Von Tunzelmann and Empire: How Britain Made The Modern World by Niall Ferguson.
One of the most important factors in the British loss of control over India was the establishment of English as a unifying language. Prior to British colonisation, India was fragmented and multi-lingual, with 15 major languages and around 720 dialects. English served as a common ground for Indians, and allowed separate cultural and ethnic groups to identify with each other, something which had rarely if ever occurred before on a grand scale. Although it was mainly educated Indians of a privileged caste who spoke English, these were the most influential people in terms of acting as facilitators for nationalist ideas to be communicated throughout the populace. The publication of magazines and journals in English was also a great influence on the rise of Indian nationalism. Although most Indians received nationalist ideas orally, these journals allowed Indians who were literate in English to come into contact with the ideas of social and political reformers.
Singh, G., & Kumari, D., 2011 History Revisited in Oral History by Nadine Gordimer, Language in India, February, Vol. 11 Issue 2, p 296-303, 8 p.
Booker, M. Keith. Colonial Power, Colonial Texts: India in the Modern British Novel. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997.
As in representations of the other British colonies, India was used by colonial novelists as a tool of displacement of the individual and re-affirmation of the metropolitan whole. There are three methods by which this effect is achieved. The first method displays an unqualified reliance on a culture too remote to be approached except physically: a hero or protagonist in a pre-mutiny novel is at liberty to escape to India at a moment of crisis, rearrange his life to his advantage and return to a happy ending and the establishment of a newly defined metropolitan life. Dobbin of Thackeray's Vanity Fair (1848) and Peter Jenkins of Gaskell's Cranford (1853) exemplify this well. Even the child Bitherstone of Dickens' Dombey and Son (1848) regards India as his salvation.
The decision to grant independence to India was not the logical culmination of errors in policy, neither was it as a consequence of a mass revolution forcing the British out of India, but rather, the decision was undertaken voluntarily. Patrick French argues that: “The British left India because they lost control over crucial areas of the administration, and lacked the will and the financial or military ability to recover that control”.
Crane, Ralph J. Inventing India: A History of India in English Language Fiction. London: Macmillan, 1992.
Indian literature in English which is accessible to us in the West, still has its roots in colonial literature and the tensions between East and West. A European naturalism is often present; a concern to posit India as an arena within which Western readers can identify realities is inherent within much of this writing. The following are three examples of the progression of post-Independence literature.
The development of the English language was a combination of cultural, political, social and religious events that each playing their own part shaping the modern English language spoken today as a first language by 400 million people . As Baugh and Cable convey to us in A History of the English Language; ‘It understates matters to say that political, economic, and social forces influence a language’. Although it cannot be identified exactly when the inhabitants of Britain began to speak English, there are some sources that give an insight into the nature of the forces that played a role in its foundation such as: the four medieval manuscripts;
India has never really had a strong sense of national identity until the time the Indian National Congress was formed in 1885. While this might not be the first sign of the increasing national identity the people of India are having, it is a strong indicator that it has reached major point. The last major step that India had to undergo in order to modernize is to become independent from British rule. There were many who attempted, in their own way, to move India forward to the path of independence from the British Empire, one of the more notable subjects was Mohandas K. Gandhi. Gandhi’s use of non-violent protest and skillful use of writing to persuade fellow Indian’s to joining his cause in acquiring independence for India. While the British rule was much better than that of the EIC, it still lacked the care and consciousness it should have for the people it governs. The British exploited the people of India with high taxes and using natural resources with unequal compensation. The exploitation was occurring with little given in return to the Indian people who mostly lived in poverty in comparison to Great Britain and those who directly benefit from their rule. India became restless around the beginning of the 20th century in which demands for an Independent India became increasingly regular. The culminating point of which independence was desired was when the
It has been adopted by different sectors making it one of the most used languages in the globe. This has been attributed to its effective nature, easy learning and rich history. However, conservative groups exist who argues that there should be global language since it may cause the emergence of superior cultures. Nevertheless, it is evident that different cultures ranging from the early polish immigrants, the African American community, the advertising and media will greatly benefit from the globalization of the English language. This will prove in the end that English is indeed a global
During the last 40 years, there has been a great deal of experimentation in the use of the English language in Indian English Literature. A few writers who wrote novels in English in the early part of twentieth century used the language carefully, with stiff correctness, always aware that it was a foreign tongue. In the 30s one notices a sudden development of Indian English Novel, in quantity as well as quality and this is because of their confidence in the use of English language as one of India’s many other languages. Out of this confidence raises their will to twist the language according to the situation, Mulk Raj Anand is the first mindful experimenter, followed closely by Raja Rao, and in the next decade by Bhabani Bhattacharya and others.
In order to visualize the “global” as an adjective in the collocation “global language”, a study has shown the numbers of people speaking the language. According to them, there are about 6000 languages in the world and not surprisingly English is at the top of the list of most dominant. In the world there are 375 million first-language speakers, approximately the same number of second-language speakers and about 750 million foreign-language speakers (David Graddol, The Future of English? A Guide to Forecasting the Popularity of the English Language in the 21st Century. British Council, 1997). According to magazine Economist, more than one billion people speak some form of English. These numbers could make people think that English is really conquering the world which can be both positive and negative.
With the expansion of empire and hence civil administration during the 19th century, English language flourished as the official administrative language. Indian writing in English was but only one of the manifestations of the new creative urge in India what is often referred to as the Literary Renaissance in India.