3. Describe Clark’s model of social anxiety, as well as his “theory derived cognitive treatment.” Highlight how the specific components of the treatment target the core maintaining factors of the disorder.
Clark’s model of social anxiety begins with a social situation activating an individual’s assumptions about himself and his social world, which include unconditional negative beliefs about himself (I am unlikeable), unrealistically high standards that he holds himself to (I must deliver a perfect presentation), and beliefs regarding the consequences of failing to meet their standard (if I mess up and stutter, everything will think I’m an idiot and no one will be my friend). These activated assumptions create a perceived sense of social danger which colors how patients interpret their own performance and the reaction of others. The appraisal of the social setting as dangerous feeds into an interconnected web of excessive self-focus and
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This technique provides opportunities for the patient to disprove their beliefs that ritualistic safety behaviors are necessary in order to reduce or prevent a feared consequence. ERP assumes that systematic (in vivo and/or imaginal) exposure to aversive stimuli that may trigger obsessions and anxiety without the use of safety behaviors to reduce the anxiety should naturally lead to a reduction in anxiety as patients learn that that the feared catastrophe will not occur. This treatment technique does not try to prevent obsessions from occuring- instead, ERP targets the patient’s response to anxiety-inducing stimuli and the patient’s maladaptive reliance on safety
Jake’s origin of his Anxiety Disorder stemmed from the rise in the difficulty of his classes. More specifically, it could have been a behavioral, humanistic, and/or a cognitive factor of which induced his anxiety. Depending on how the counselor came up with Jake’s diagnosis, comparative analysis can be applied to the three possible variable factors of Jake’s counselor’s reasoning, and how other psychologists view each of the same behavioral, humanistic, and cognitive factors today.
Todd, J., & Bohart, C. A. (2006). Foundations of clinical and counseling psychology (4th ed.).
The procedures leading to the acquisition and elimination of agoraphobia are based on a number of behavioural principles. The underlying principle is that of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus (Weiten, 1998). Eliminating agoraphobia is basically achieving self-control through behaviour modification. Behaviour modification is systematically changing behaviour through the application of the principles of conditioning (Weiten, 1998). The specific principle used here is systematic desensitisation. The two basic responses displayed are anxiety and relaxation, which are incompatible responses. Systematic desensitisation works by reconditioning people so that the conditioned stimulus elicits relaxation instead of anxiety. This is called counterconditioning. Counterconditioning is an attempt to reverse the process of classical conditioning by associating the crucial stimulus with a new conditioned response (Weiten, 1998). This technique's effectiveness in eliminating agoraphobia is well documented.
First, the therapist attempts to investigate the behaviours that the client presented on the first time that she experiences the problem. Second, the therapist tries to understand the way the client is managing her symptoms and problems (Dobson and Dobson, 2009) by identifying the safety behaviours that the client is adopting to reduce the level of anxiety (Papworth, Marrinan, and Martin, 2013). On the video session, the therapist showed concern about the behaviours that the client was engaging on (Marshall and Turnbull, 1996), however, she should have asked her more about specific behaviours that the client was probably engaging on, based on the information that the client provided (Kinsella and Garland, 2008). The therapist tries to detect behaviours such as avoiding specific situations, like for example leaving the house alone (Papworth, Marrinan, and Martin, 2013), yet she did not explore this enough. The therapist should have also inquired the client about reassurance seeking and safety seeking behaviours, as the client stated that she calls her husband when she is feeling anxious. The therapist should have discussed this in more detail, specifically emphasising the conection between these behaviours and the vicious circle (Kinsella and Garland,
Alice Park’s article in TIME Magazine, entitled “The Two Faces of Anxiety”, outlines the key positive and negative effects anxiety can have on both the individual and humanity as a whole. Because of the steady increase in diagnoses of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and similar mental illnesses, evaluating the origins of anxiety as well as its effects are crucial steps for developing both medical treatments and alternative methods of coping with the disorder. While many of the 40 million American adults suffering from anxiety believe that eliminating the feeling altogether is ideal, they fail to consider what psychologists have mounds of empirical evidence in support of: anxiety is not inherently adverse, and can, in many cases, be advantageous. Anxiety is generally understood to be a biological process in which specific symptoms, such as increased heart rate and blood pressure, manifest as a response to stressful scenarios. In these potentially-fatal situations, the fight-or-flight response is an evolutionary reaction developed to prevent species from engaging in behavior that could result in extreme negative consequences, while also preparing them for possible conflict. Overall, this response is a constructive adaptation, but an issue arises when individuals face stressful, albeit non-fatal, situations. The body still experiences the same symptoms despite the absence of any “real” danger, and the person suffering from the anxiety feels as though he or she has little control over the behaviors brought on by the condition. Triggered by both genetic and environmental factors, there appears to be a wide variation in the severity of anxiety as well as what treatment methods are effective for each individual. However, many psychologists ...
In order to treat the fear you must treat it with relaxation while in the presence of the feared situation. The first step in Wolpe’s study was to focus on relaxing your body. He recommended a process that involves tensing and relaxing various groups of muscles until a deep state of relaxation is achieved (Wolpe,264). The second stage was to develop a list of anxiety-producing situations that are associated with the phobia. The list would descend with from the least uncomfortable situation to the most anxiety producing event you can imagine. The number of events can vary from 5 to 20 or more. The final step is to desensitize, which is the actual “unlearning” of the phobia. Wolpe told his patients that no actual contact with the fear is necessary, and that the same effectiveness can be accomplished through descriptions and visualizations(Wolpe,265). Wolpe’s participants are told to put themselves in a state of relaxation which they are taught. Then, the therapist begins reading the first situation on the hierarchy they have made up. If the patient stays relaxed through the first situation the therapist continues to the next until the state of relaxation is broken. If they feel a slight moment of anxiety they are to raise their index finger until the state of relaxation is restored. The average number
One of the characteristics of a phobia is a feeling that is greater than the fear of a situation or object with an exaggeration of the danger associated with the said situation or even object. This persistent fear often leads to an anxiety disorder that leads an individual to develop mechanisms that ensure one avoids the object or situation that triggers the occurrence of the phobia. Phobias can have highly debilitating effects on an individual including the development of depression, isolation, substance abuse, and even suicide. Many people take phobia for granted however, it is clear that it has the potential to impair the quality of life for both the affected and the people around them. The fact that many of the phobias are manageable using
My theory is that the scientist are just as appreciative of nature as the poet Walt Whitman. While I do believe this I also do agree with the writer of the essay that science does "Sucks the beauty out of everything. Reducing it all to numbers, tables, and measurements."(Science and the Sense of Wonder pg. 249) However I also feel that science explained while it is beautiful because it tells us why we see blue as blue, red as red, or green as green. Scientist don't just look at a deer and the first thing they do is take measurements and study it sometimes they just look at deer to look at deer. While yes 9 times out of 10 we do unethical things like experimenting on animals but it is just as bad as those people who are going out and shooting deer yet people say "They're getting out into nature." At least scientist aren't murdering for
‘I can’t handle this.’ And guess what? We don’t handle it well. If I tell myself I won’t have a good time at the party I’m going to, I am likely to behave in ways that generate exactly that reality, eliciting from other people indifferent responses, proving my premise. (“A Course in Self-Esteem” 5)
Hudson, J. L., and R. M. Rapee. "The Origins of Social Phobia." Behavior Modification 24.1
Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD) can be defined simply as a disorder in which an individual purposefully withdraws and avoids social contact for fear of rejection (Alloy, Riskind, & Manos, 2004). The individual that exhibits this disorder has an extreme sensitivity to criticism and the idea that they may be rejected, humiliated, shamed, or disapproved by others (Alloy et al., 2004). Morrison (1995) states that the sensitivity to criticism and potential disapproval has an effect making individuals with AVPD more likely to demonstrate modesty and eagerness to please others, however, this sensitivity can also lead to social isolation. The individual with AVPD may have difficulty distinguishing otherwise more innocent comments and view them as being critical. This can also lead to avoiding certain social situations and even career choices that involve a high level of interpersonal demands.
3) Gleitman, H., Fridlun, A., and Reisberg, D. Psychology. Fifth Edition. New York. W.W. Norton & Company. 1999
In this treatment, “clients are repeatedly exposed to objects or situations that produce anxiety, obsessive fears, and compulsive behaviors, but they are told to resist performing the behaviors they feel so bound to preform” (Comer, 2015). Individuals going through this treatment will often find it extremely difficult to resist the urge to preform these compulsions, or behaviors, therefor the therapist will often be the first to set this example. This treatment can be conducted in an individual, or group
Dobson, Keith S and David J A Dozois. "Historical and Philosophical Bases of the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies." Dobson, Keith S. Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies; Second Edition. New York: Guilford Press, 2001. 3-39. ISBN 1-57230-6011-7.
In the video Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy with John Krumboltz the theory is clearly and effectively demonstrated