General Differances Between Relative and Absolute Dating Methods
Getting dates for fossils that are found in sites being
excavated by anthropologist is very important. Dates show the
evolution from early hominid specimens to our own species, Homo
homo sapiens. There are many methods that can be used to acquire
these dates, but all of these methods fall into one of two
catorgories. They can either give a absolute date or a relative
date. An absolute date is one in which you get an actual date in
years. Also known as chronometric methods. Relative dates do
not give an actual date in terms of years, but they tell you if
one fossil is older or younger than another fossil.
Ushally relative dates are given in terms of the column of
earth they are found in. This is called striatigraphy. In
sites like Olduvai gorge their are geological layers of vocanic
ash and sediment. When a anthropologist finds a fossil in a
undistirbed layer of gray ash, you know that it is younger than
the fossil in the layer of red ash below, and that fossil is
younger than the fossil in the layer of brown ash below
it.(Johanson 65) The basic theory here is that a certian site
cantians a geolgical column key that is made up of differant
strata layers, the fossils get older as they move down the key,
and are found in differant layers of strata..(Scully 2)
Relative dates have a couple of major problems. One is that the
earth moves in many ways and this can distrube the layers of
sediment putting younger fossils below older ones. Another is
that you can not tell exactly how much younger or older something
is from somethinng else and you can not date differant fossils
from differant sites with thes relative dating methods.
Absolute dating, unlike realative dating, gives the
anthropologist an exact date in terms of calander years. These
dating methods are much more reliable and can be used in many
differant sites with many differant fossils. Absolute dating
bases it’s dates on the natural radioactivity of differant
elements found in the world.(Johnston 216) There are certian
elements that occur in differant forms, these elements are called
isotopes. Each one of these isotopes has a differant atomic mass
than others. Some of thes isotopes are radioactive, meaning that
they give of radiation in either alpha or beta form, as they
de...
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... has a half-life.
C14 is the radioactive isotope of rearular carbon, c12. The
cocentration of C14 in the body is one billionth of a gram in the
body to one gram of C12. This C14 is contantly decaying, but
through animals and plants breathing it is replenashed when an
organism is alive. When the animal dies the C14 intake stops and
a decay that is not replenashed.(Comas 456)
During life an organism have a specific activity of 15.6
disintigrations per minuate per gram of regular carbon in thier
body.(Comas 456) “After life and C14 intake cease and the
equilibrium is halted, radioactive disintigration of C14 occurs,
and after 5,700 years this activity will have decreased to 7.8
disintigratuions per minuate per gram of carbon in the
body.’(Comas 457) This means that the ratio of C14 to C12 left
in the fossil when it is found can give a date in years.
Carbon-14 dating has a half-life of 5,700 years, with the lower
limit of 1,000 years. The upper limit used to be about 30,000
years because after that the ratio was too small to analis.
Recently reaserch by Haring and deVires has let scientist put the
upper limit at 100,000 years old.(Comas 457)
The people of the middle ages showed their faith in many ways some were through prayer or fasting and others took a more violent approach. The Crusades were a way for men to resolve themselves of their sins according to Pope Urban II. This was also a way for the Crusaders to take back what they believed was stolen from their ancestors and their god. This was not only from the men who went to fight, there were also the elderly, women, and children who felt they needed to go help their faith. This would also make the Muslims who had control over Jerusalem because they believed it was their holy land as well. They on the other side had to protect their faith and pay their own piety. This would also cement the relationship of Christians and Muslims for
The most notable motives behind the Crusades include religious zeal, Europe’s large population augmenting, and a staggering number of knights eager to fight in battle. Of these motives, religious zeal was the greatest. The crusaders were already more than willing to fight against the Muslims before Alexius Comnenus asked Pope Urban II to supply him with Norman mercenaries in 1095. Western Europeans loathed Muslims ruling the Holy Land, particularly of the holy places of Palestine. The saying “The enemy of my enemy is my friend” encapsulates the situation Christians in both the east and the west experienced. Both factions realized that without helping one another, they would share the same fate of falling to the Seljuk Turks. In addition to the Christians fighting for God, Europe’s ever-increasing population also needed more land to live off. Europe’s territories had to be expanded. With the shortage of land, the expansion of feudalism, and the urge to fight by influential leaders such as Pope Urban and St. Bernard of Clairvaux, the sons of knights and nobles desired to conquer new lands. While there were many outcomes of the Crusades, some stick out more so than others. The biggest of these is the fact that the crusaders from Europe failed to permanently capture Jerusalem or Palestine. The fall of Constantinople was the end for the Byzantine Empire. Overall, the First Crusade was the most successful when compared to all of the other Crusades.
The Crusades helped to bring Europe out of the atrocious Dark Ages. When large armies of Crusaders traveled to the Middle East, they began to use the old Roman road systems (“Pope Urban”). Trade between Europe and The Middle East was quickly reestablished. With the increase in trade, cultural diffusion between Europe and the Middle East also enhanced. Europeans, especially the Italians living along ports, enjoyed nearly four centuries of trade with the Muslims following the series of the Holy Wars (“Pope Urban”). Europe started getting heavily influenced by Greek and Arabic culture. The new cultures led to the beginning of the Age of Chivalry, knights protected the poor, while people wrote poems, and played chess. The advances in mathematics, medicine, and science that were made in Greece and Arabia quickly came to Europe. Textbooks in European universities included the new information from Greece and Arabia, paving the path for The Renaissance (“Pope Urban”). The papacy created new methods of taxation to help pay for The Crusades (Froehlich). The “pilgrim traffic”, all the crusaders going back and forth, was important because it gave money to the papacy through tolls and taxes which helped the economy (Bull). With the money from taxes and tolls Christian cites were able to get repaired. Without Pope Urban II starting The Crusades, none of these economic achievements would have
In sum, America needs to reevaluate the status quo surrounding medical care. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the current model only benefits a select few and causes insufferable costs for the rest of the world. If there is no reform for these issues, money will continue to be siphoned directly into the pockets of large, for-profit companies that benefit from the strife of
These are areas fragmented and mostly separated by wide-open landscapes. Their common habitat is the lowland forests and tropical dry forests, ( Fleagle, 45). There were five of these primates. Two were male, two female and one infant. They remained together most of time and were always in a group. The primates have tails that are white in color. The male primate is larger compared to the female which is evidence of the sexual dimorphism of the primates, (Fleagle,49). The primates have shorter forelimbs, are upright and have strong recognizable limbs. They move by leaping on the ground are different a clear distinction between the other species and them. Their short arms limit them in movement. Their hind limbs are however powerful.
.1. Why do some people advertise themselves for a date in a newspaper or online?
The main difference between male and female primates is that female primates are the ones who conceive an offspring. If primate males were the ones to conceive, then the roles would be completely different. There are two different reproduction strategies the male and female follow in the primate world. The male strategy would be to always be ready and wanting to mate, so he can maximize reproductive success. The female reproductive strategy would be to make males compete for her and also to select a quality male (Male with territory and/or ability to protect her and her offspring). Another female reproductive strategy that will benefit her is, sneaky copulation because it creates a confused paternity so, if the transient male takes over the group the offspring will not be killed. The male parental investment is fairly low; mostly all the male does is just give the sperm to the female and take off onto seeking another mate. As for the female parental investment, it’s extremely high; because she must grow the offspring in her body, give birth, nurse and raise the young. The factors of limiting male’s reproductive success would be female access and competition with another male. As for the factors of limiting female’s reproductive success would be food resources, and a predator free space. The male strategies maximize reproductive success because, with males spending less time on parental investment they can seek more mating opportunities; for a chance the female will take care of the offspring so that his genes can be passed on. Another way males maximize their reproductive success would be to eliminate all unfertile females from their mating because there is no way that the male genes could be passed on. Females use their strategy ...
The birth from the crusades was not due to ambitious people; rather the birth of the crusades was due to Muslims capturing two-thirds of the old Christian world. Many following the Christian faith took a stand on their believes and defended itself by Islam. Like Thomas Asbridge’s states, “ The First Crusade was called in 1095 by Pope Urban II in response to an urgent plea for assistance from the Byzantine Empire, the last Christian state in the East” (Madden 2). Though the response to Pope Urban II speech was tremendous. Thousands of warriors prepared for war, misunderstanding what Pope II
9/11/2001 was one of the largest and most heinous single act of terror that ever occurred in modern history. It was enacted by the radical Islamist group Al-Qaeda, as an attempt to get Western influence out of the Middle East. This backfired on Al-Qaeda, since now the United States has several times more military bases and troops in the Middle East than we had prior to the 9/11 attacks. The United States has also increased its foreign aid towards Israel as well. The problem with this is that with our increased military presence in the Middle East, we are radicalizing more and more Muslims because of the civilian casualties all across the Middle East. The United States has created more terrorists in the Middle East than there were prior to 9/11. 9/11 was a direct result of Western and U.S presence in the Middle East. This is why 9/11 occurred.
The Catholic Church was the most powerful churches across Europe and the middle ages. After the fall of Rome, no state or government united the people who lived in Europe. Kings and queens received much of their power from their alliance and protection of the Church. King Charlemagne was named the Emperor of the Romans later afterwards. He was the first leader since Rome’s fall 300 years before this. Over time, Charlemagne’s kingdom became the Holy Roman Empire. Innocent people across Europe had to “tithe” which was 10 % of their earnings each year that goes to the Church. At the same time, the Church was exempt from most taxes. These policies helped the church to profit a great amount of money and also power. As Islam began to spread, it became larger and more powerful. After the Prophet Muhammad’s death, Muslim armies conquered large parts of the Middle East, being united under the rule of a single caliph. At its high point, the Islamic world about three times bigger than all of Christendom which is the worldwide community of Christians. Under the rule of the caliphs, great cities advanced an amazing growth in cultural life. Muslim dynasties were soon established and many successful empires in India were among the largest and most powerful empires in the world. The Islamic golden age included creations in much advancement of culture and science, biology, physics, medicine, mathematics, Art and architecture. This golden age of Islam is mostly due to a new writing system and reestablished government and declined again from the Mongol invasions. The crusades had a big impact on Europe and had lasting effects, good and bad. Towards the end of the 11th century, the Catholic Church began to send military expeditions to remove Muslim “...
The life of a Greek is typically average. You go to school, get a job, find the person you want to marry... you know how it goes. All of this changes when you are describing one specific type of Greek, a “Karpathian”, who comes from a tiny little island in Greece called Karpathos. To most non-Greeks, Karpathos is barely a tourist attraction, as there are much bigger and more interesting islands found within the country. But to us Karpathians, few other places compare to its magnificence. What is troubling, however, is the complicated process of dating and marriage. This society of people take everything you thought you knew about relationships to a whole new level.
This is quite significant for a wide variety of reasons but for this topic it plays a large part in how the Crusades began and continued. Finally, the history of the Crusades can be and have been debated by historians and theologians alike, however, for the purpose of this paper the very brief history discussed merely provides an insight, background information, as to why the Crusades were called, who was involved, and lastly the outcome of the Crusades. It all started with large efforts from Islamic people after the death of Mohammed, to gain land and spread the Islamic faith. Muslims gained control of Palestine, Syria, and Egypt (one of the most heavily Christian areas in the world). By the eighth century, Islam had control over all of Christian North Africa and Spain. Again in the eleventh century, by the Seljuk Turks, land known as Asia Minor was taken under Islamic control, a region which had been Christian dating back to St. Paul. What was known as the Byzantine Empire had been minimized to about the size of Greece. Obviously desperate, the Emperor of Constantinople (Byzantine Empire and Eastern Church) requested help from Christians of the Western church to fight off advancing Muslims
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In conclusion, it is time to make universal health care a national priority, so that the basic right to health care can become a reality for everyone. There should be a clearly explained fundamental health care plan that is available to everyone. I would champion financing a health care plan that is based on a notion of public good rather than a commodity. If everyone can receive benefits, then they all can give, based on that person’s ability to pay through income taxes. The funds then would pay for all medically acceptable inpatient and outpatient services, both mental and physical. A properly financed, universal health insurance program will provide the best opportunity to provide what we Americans want most, high quality, affordable health
Radiocarbon dating is used to tell how old something is. When some normal carbon gets hit by the rays of the sun it turns into carbon 14. Plants absorb this radioactive carbon in the form of carbon dioxide. Animals receive this carbon from eating the plants. When the organism is dead it loses the carbon 14. Scientists can tell how old something is based on the amount of carbon 14 in a dead object. Carbon dating is accurate if the amount of carbon 14 in the atmosphere has remained the same throughout time. The second is if carbon 14 has always decayed at the same