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Cystic fibrosis lung
Cystic fibrosis lung
Cystic fibrosis doctors report
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1. What chromosome does it affect?
It is caused by mutations to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator(CFTR) gene. Located on human chromosome 7, the CFTR gene is made up of 250,000 DNA nucleotides.
2. What physical effects caused by it?
Shortness of breath, less physical activity, due to not being able to breath while e` xtreme physical activity. Poor health, caused by severe infections can make it extremely hard to have a full time job.
3. What internal effects does is cause?
It affects mainly the lungs and digestive tract. Cystic Fibrosis causes a buildup of thick mucus in the lungs, which leads to breathing troubles. Mucus in the lungs also benefits bacteria that are responsible for infections. A child with Cystic Fibrosis
may have cycles of infection. Thick mucus also blocks the ducts of the pancreas. This blocks digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines to digest food. This can increase the risk of malnutrition and delayed development in patients with Cystic Fibrosis. 4. What lifestyles adjustments should be made? More active, A healthy diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Not smoking and avoiding tobacco smoke. Washing your hands often to lower your risk of infection. Exercising regularly and drinking lots of fluids. Doing chest physical therapy (as your doctor recommends) can help reduce the amount of mucus in the lungs. 5. What is the life expectancy with adjustments? The life expectancy of cystic fibrosis patients has been increasing over the past 40 years. In the 1980s life expectancy of people with cystic fibrosis was 14 years. 10 years ago, the life expectancy of a person with cystic fibrosis was around 18 years. Today people typically live 35 years.
The risk factors that Jessica presented with are a history that is positive for smoking, bronchitis and living in a large urban area with decreased air quality. The symptoms that suggest a pulmonary disorder include a productive cough with discolored sputum, elevated respiratory rate, use of the accessory respiratory muscles during quite breathing, exertional dyspnea, tachycardia and pedal edema. The discolored sputum is indicative of a respiratory infection. The changes in respiratory rate, use of respiratory muscles and exertional dyspnea indicate a pulmonary disorder since there is an increased amount of work required for normal breathing. Tachycardia may arise due to the lack of oxygenated blood available to the tissue stimulating an increase in heart rate. The pedal edema most probably results from decreased systemic blood flow.
Membranes are involved in Cystic Fibrosis when it comes to the genes that are prone to the disease. In a regular functioning body, the CFTR gene helps make the channel that transports charged chloride ions into and out of cell membranes. In a body with cystic fibrosis, the chloride channels don’t function properly, and do not allow chloride ions into and out of the cell membranes, causing the thick mucus (as mentioned earlier) to be produced. The concentration gradients are involved when it comes to moving these molecules and ions across the cell membranes with passive and active transport. Passive transport substances move down concentration gradients while active transport substances move against their concentration gradients (keep in mind this is in a healthy functioning body). With cystic fibrosis, there is a defect in the transport protein, which does not move through the concentration gradient
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Pathophysiology: Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease of the secretory glands that affects the respiratory and digestive system. It mainly affects the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses, and reproductive organs. Cystic fibrosis affects the cells that produce sweat, mucus, and digestive fluids. Mucus becomes thick and sticky, causing build-up in the lungs and blocking airways, making it easier for bacteria to develop. This prompts repeated lung infections and can cause severe lung damage after some time.
Mrs. Jones, An elderly woman, presented severely short of breath. She required two rest periods in order to ambulate across the room, but refused the use of a wheel chair. She was alert and oriented, but was unable to speak in full sentences. Her skin was pale and dry. Her vital signs were as follows: Temperature 97.3°F, pulse 83, respirations 27, blood pressure 142/86, O2 saturation was 84% on room air. Auscultation of the lungs revealed crackles in the lower lobes and expiratory wheezing. Use of accessory muscles was present. She was put on 2 liters of oxygen via nasal canal. With the oxygen, her O2 saturation increased to 90%. With exertion her O2 saturation dropped to the 80's. Mrs. Jones began coughing and she produced large amounts of milky sputum.
To better understand how COPD affects an individual you should first know how the lungs function. When you breathe in air it first goes through your trachea then into your bronchioles. Once in the bronchioles the air goes to the air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, the gas exchange occurs with the capillaries. Gas exchange is when the oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide enters the alveoli. During the breathing process, alveoli will inflate when inhaling and deflate while exhaling.
Whilst looking at the impact that breathlessness can have on patient the author will look at the physical, psychological and social health implications and how this can affect the overall (holistic) quality of life for these patients. Often these three areas overlap and the physical implications of breathlessness can have a direct effect on the patient’s social health, financial ability to provide for themselves and others, which in turn affects the person physiological well-being or vice versa.
Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common lethal mutations in humans. The autosomal recessive allele is carried by 1/20 Caucasians, 1/400 couples will have children with the disease, and ¼ children will be afflicted. If untreated, 95% of affected ch ildren will die before age five (Bell, 1996).
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the primary assessments concluded on patients who are believed to be suffering from cardiac complications. It involves a series of leads attached to the patient which measure the electrical activity of the heart and can be used to detect abnormalities in the heart function. The ECG is virtually always permanently abnormal after an acute myocardial infarction (Julian, Cowan & Mclenachan, 2005). Julies ECG showed an ST segment elevation which is the earliest indication that a myocardial infarction had in fact taken place. The Resuscitation Council (2006) recommends that clinical staff use a systematic approach when assessing and treating an acutely ill patient. Therefore the ABCDE framework would be used to assess Julie. This stands for airways, breathing, circulation, disability and elimination. On admission to A&E staff introduced themselves to Julie and asked her a series of questions about what had happened to which she responded. As she was able to communicate effectively this indicates that her airways are patent. Julie looked extremely pale and short of breath and frequently complained about a feeling of heaviness which radiated from her chest to her left arm. The nurses sat Julie in an upright in order to assess her breathing. The rate of respiration will vary with age and gender. For a healthy adult, respiratory rate of 12-18 breaths per minute is considered to be normal (Blows, 2001). High rates, and especially increasing rates, are markers of illness and a warning that the patient may suddenly deteriorate. Julie’s respiratory rates were recorded to be 21 breaths per minute and regular which can be described as tachypnoea. Julies chest wall appeared to expand equally and symmetrical on each side with each breath taken. Julies SP02 levels which are an estimation of oxygen
Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited disease characterized by the buildup of thick, sticky mucous that can cause severe damage to the body’s organs. Mucous is usually a slippery substance that lubricates and protects the linings of the airway, digestive system, reproductive system and other organs and tissue. Problems with digestion can lead to diarrhea, malnutrition, poor growth, and weight-loss. Due to the abnormally thick mucous it can can clog airways, leading to breathing problems and bacterial infections in the lungs. Bacterial infections can lead to coughing, wheezing and inflammation. Overtime these infections can lead to permanent damage in the lungs including the formation of scar tissue, known as fibrosis and cysts in the lungs (Genetics Home Reference, 2013). The symptoms and signs of this disease vary but mostly include progressive damage to the respiratory system and chronic digestive system problems. An individuals’ lungs who are infected by cystic fibrosis have bacteria from an early stage. This bacteria can spread to the small airways, leading to the formation of bacterial micro-environments known as biofilms. Biofilms are difficult for antibodies to penetrate, therefore the bacteria repeatedly damage the lung and gradually remodel the airways, resulting in difficultly to eradicate the infection (Welsh, 1995). Cystic fibrosis patients may even have their airways chronically colonized be filamentous fungi and/or yeasts. Most men with cystic fibrosis have congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), a condition in which the tubes that carry sperm are blocked by mucous and do not develop properly. As well, women may experience complications in pregnancy. Either the c...
Unpleasant breathlessness that comes on suddenly or without expectation can be due to a serious underlying medical condition. Pneumonia can impact the very young and very old, asthma tends to affect young children, smokers are at greater risk of lung and heart disease and the elderly may develop heart failure. However, medical attention always needed by all these conditions as it can affect any age group and severe breathlessnes. There are short and long term causes of dyspnea. Sudden and unexpected breathlessness is most likely tend to be caused by one of the following health conditions. There is accumulating evidence that in many patients, dyspnea is multifactorial in causes, and that in most patients, there is no single, all-encompassing explanation for dyspnea.
Influenza infection can negatively impact the productivity. Moreover, workers can loss their working time. They cannot go for a job because they have to care for their family members. Ruf and Knuf (2014) explain that in Finland, the estimated number of parenteral lost work days are about 54-195 days per year for every 100 children, between 0-13 years. In addition, a US group estimated that annually 247,000 work days are lost by caregivers due to their sick children. In other words, influenza dropped the productivity or workforce among parents while tending to sick children. Similarly, a Canadian study suggested that due to influenza, the average working time has been decreased about 14 hours annually. (Schanzer et al., as cited in Gianino et al., 2017). It is clear that seasonal influenza has become a leading factor for losing productivity or working hour in the
Normally, mucus is a slippery, watery substance that lines organs to keep them moist and prevent drying out or getting infected, but when one has cystic fibrosis, mucus is thick and sticky. The thick mucus builds up in the lungs and blocks the airways, which makes it easy for bacteria to grow. When the bacteria begin to grow, it leads to serious lung infections and over time causes severe damage to your lungs (“What is Cystic Fibrosis?”). Digestion problems can occur when the thick mucus block...
Cystic Fibrosis is one of the most common genetically inherited diseases affecting white men and women. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder where abnormal amounts of mucus build up in many of the body’s organs especially the lungs and the pancreas. This build up of mucus in the lungs can lead to many persistent infections that can lead to damage and scarring over time. In addition, when this mucus collects in the gastrointestinal tract and around the pancreas it prevents digestive juices from aiding in the digestion process. In addition, this mucus buildup also prevents the production of insulin, a crucial hormone that is made in the pancreas and is necessary to control blood sugar levels (Cystic).
Sleep Apnea (cessation of air flow at the mouth for greater than 10 seconds) can
Thibodeau P. H., et al., (2010). The cystic fibrosis-causing mutation deltaF508 affects multiple steps in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator biogenesis. J. Biol. Chem.285, 35825–35835