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Introduction
“The Battle of the Little Bighorn, also known as Custer's Last Stand and, by the Indians involved, as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, was an armed engagement between combined forces of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho people against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which occurred on June 25 and 26, 1876 near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory, was the most famous action of the Great Sioux War of 1876.”i Was this battle led by a courageous General or a desperate man is search of being seen as an American hero by the eyes of America?
History
George Armstrong Custer was born 5 December 1839 in New Rumley, Ohio. He was the son of a blacksmith with little money, but many children, so he had to move in with his aunt. Custer wanted to become a lawyer but his family couldn’t support him so he joined the Army.ii He was able to attend West Point where he finished last in his class.
Following graduation from West Point, Custer joined the staff of General George B. McClellan. On 3 July 1863, Custer, 23 at the time, was in charge of the Michigan volunteers, he led a charge against the confederates, J.E.B. Stewart to retake the right flank during the battle of Gettysburg. Like all his battles, he led his men from the front. His men respected him and followed his lead. They stopped the confederates in their tracks. It was a glorious victory for Custer and his men. Custer was promoted Brigadier General in the volunteer army. A picture of him was put in Harpers Weekly of him leading his men. This courageous act set the stage for Custer to become famous, with him becoming known as the boy general. During the surrender at Appomatox Court House Lieutena...
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...ould be facing. His search for glory led to his fall.
References
Battle of Little Bighorn - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn
Chris Glennie - http://6dnz.wordpress.com/2011/07/13/5-leadership-lessons-from-the-battle-of-little-bighorn/
Custer and The Battle of Little Bighorn - http://jackiewhiting.net/HonorsUS/NatAm/LitBigHorn.htm
George Custer - http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USACWcuster.htm
George Armstrong Custer - http://www.civilwarhome.com/custerbi.htm
George Armstrong Custer - http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_custer.html
History of General Custer - http://members.tripod.com/cav_trooper0/rogercooperscavalryremembrance/id7.html
Joseph M. Marshall – The Day the World Ended At Little Bighorn (New York: Viking Penguin, 2006
Nathaniel Philbrick – The Last Stand (New York: Viking Penguin, 2010
LTC George Armstrong Custer did not effectively apply the concept of mission command as a warfighting function during the Battle of Little Bighorn. While it is important to understand the context in which Custer made his decisions, those circumstances offer little in terms of excusing the fiasco that was Little Bighorn. Custer failed to follow orders, did not take pertinent intelligence into consideration, did not adequately plan or execute protection of his forces, and fought without essential fires equipment available to him. Custer did exercise good sustainment, but it was for naught, as the battle was brief.
Epple J. C. (1970). Custer’s battle of the Washita and A history of the Plains Indian Tribes
The 7th Cavalry Regiment's destruction at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876 is the subject of over a century of debate. LTC George A. Custer failed to exercise four key responsibilities that were expected of him as the regiment’s commander. He failed to understand the problem and environment, visualize a feasible solution, clearly describe it to his subordinates, and effectively direct his forces. These four aspects of mission command are integral to the operations process and help Soldiers understand and execute their commander's intent. Custer's failure to properly fulfill his role in the operations process resulted in his death and a strategic defeat for the nation.
Fox, R. (2008). Battle of the Little Big Horn. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from International Encyclopedia
Today Custer’s last stand is one of the most famous events in American History. Two Thousand Sioux Native Americans slaughtered General George Custer’s army of 600 men armed with guns. Crazy Horse was a very important leader in the Great Sioux War of 1876.
Kinevan, Marcos E. "Frontier cavlryman, Lieutenant John bigelow with the Buffalo Soldiers in Texas." Texas Western Press, 1998.
Hollywood has an unquestionable tendency to dramatize events to make them more appealing to the audience. This happens to be the case in The Gunfight at the OK Corral. Although Hollywood documented the events leading up to, and the actual gunfight relatively accurate, they failed to include some small incidents and confrontations that may have very well contributed to the outcome in Tombstone.
Robbins, Jim. Last Refuge: The Environmental Showdown in Yellowstone and the American West. New York: Morrow, 1993.
“Over the Earth I come.” This is not a statement made in haste but a declaration of war, coming from the mouth of a Sioux warrior, a Dakota. They call him Crooked Lightning. That was the first and only true announcement about the planned uprising from the Dakota Nation. The Sioux Uprising of 1862 was appallingly deadly and destructive considering it may have been avoided if the United States had paid the Sioux their gold on time.
Douglas Macarthur was born on 26th January 1880, in Little Rock, Arkansas to General Arthur Macarthur and wife, Mary Pinckney Hardy. Like his father, he decided to pursue a military career and entered the army. He went to West Point Military Academy and graduated as a valedictorian in 1903. He began his career as an engineering officer in the army but climbed through the ranks and became a General. He was also nominated and given several honors and awards throughout his lifetime. He was known to be aggressive, radical and brave, which led him to make some decisions that were not generally approved (McCullough).
The West: From Lewis and Clark and Wounded Knee: The Turbulent Story of the Settling of Frontier America.
The Cherokee Indians, the most cooperative and accommodating to the political institutions of the united states, suffered the worst fate of all Native Americans when voluntarily or forcibly moved west. In 1827 the Cherokees attempted to claim themselves as an independent nation within the state of Georgia. When the legislature of the state extended jurisdiction over this ‘nation,’ the Cherokees sought legal actions, not subject to Georgia laws and petitioned the United States Supreme Court. The case became known as Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia in 1831. Supreme Court Justice John Marshall denied their claim as a republic within Georgia, he then deemed the Cherokee as a ‘domestic dependent nation’. One year later through the case of Worcester vs. Georgia, the Cherokee’s were granted federal protection from the molestation by the state of Georgia. Through the Indian Removal act in 1830 President Andrew Jackson appropriated planning and funding for the removal of Native Americans, Marshall’s rulings delayed this for the Cherokee Nation, and infuriated President Jackson. Marshall’s decision had little effect on Jackson and ignoring this action the president was anxious to see him enforce it.
While Terry and Gibbon were meeting in Rosebud, Custer was already dividing his regiment into three separate battalions. Sergeant Windolph, from Reno’s battalion, recalls:
Have you ever heard the term, “Don’t drink the Kool-Aid?” or “You have drank the Kool-Aid.”? Well, ”Drinking the Kool-Aid” means you have done something that others have told you to do or did yourself. This saying comes from the cult society led by Reverend Jim Jones, named Jonestown. Jonestown was a small community in the jungle of Guyana, South America. After getting word of people coming to investigate the society, Jones had committed a mass suicide by poisoning Kool-Aid and giving it to the people of Jonestown.
Brown, Dee, Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West, New York, Bantam Press,1970