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Culture and Communication
Introduction
In The Silent Language, Edward Hall’s (1959) seminal examination of non-verbal communication, it is ambiguous asserted that “culture is communication and communication is culture,” (217). Though this statement is obviously lacks for broad explanatory power, Hall nevertheless aptly articulates the crucial roles that culture plays in communication research. From its role in theories of communication to its treatment as a both the independent and the dependent variable in experimental studies, culture shapes the nature of what communication researchers, and speaks to the very heart of what communication is. This literature review will first briefly mention the historical origins of culture in communication research, and identify what has become the primary area of quantitative communication research into culture: intercultural communication. Next, we will examine the definition of culture that intercultural communication researchers have adopted. Last, we will explore how this definition is applied through an exploration of the variables, levels of analysis, and other salient dimensions of communication.
History & Motivation
Even before Hall’s pithy equation of communication with culture, the earliest Communication scholars had identified the importance of culture in matters of communication. As Delia (1985) noted, Chicago sociologists were actively concerned with understanding how the flood of immigrants entering American cities at the turn of the century would integrate within this new society. In these earliest studies, communication was seen as a way to shape a culture that would allow immigrants to feel more American, with a unified culture acting as a mechanism for mitigati...
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... individualism-collectivism refers to the degree to which a culture emphasizes the goals of an individual compared to the goals of the collective. (e.g. citations from Gudykunst p 40). Low-high uncertainty avoidance indicates shows the degree to which a culture tends towards consensus, and how much it is tolerant of deviant behavior. Power distance varies according to "the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally," (Hofstede & Bond, 1984, p419). Last, masculinity-femininity refer to the amount that cultural systems "emphasize differentiated sex roles, performance, ambition, and independence," (Gudykunst & Ting-Tully, 1988, p. 48). Unlike work on acculturation, this work is generally cross-sectional, using surveys to determine the dimensions of acculturation at particular points in time.
Ting-Toomey, Stella., & Chung, Leeva C. (2012). Understanding Intercultural Communication. Oxford University Press. 43, 159-160.
Martin, Judith N., and Thomas K. Nakayama. Intercultural Communication in Contexts. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. Print.
Samovar, Larry A., Richard E. Porter, and Edwin R. McDaniel. Communication between Cultures. 7th ed. Australia: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.
Martin, J. N., & Nakayama, T. K. (2013). Intercultural Communication in Contexts (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
There are many co-cultures in the world. I am a twenty nine year old Caucasian mother of two girls with an annual income of around thirty thousand a year. I am a wife in a Methodist household, where my job is a home maker; as well as, I am a college student. I am a French Canadian, German, Native American, and Polish breed.
Culture has always been a driving force in understanding nonverbal communication as nonverbal communication is highly influenced by the cultural differences as the context of the culture defines how the communication/message is interpreted in certain cultures. “Communication occurs within a context but the context is particularly important in relation to non-verbal communication” (Tyler, Kossen & Ryan, 2005, p.185). Culture defines the messages perceived by the non-verbal communication. For instance, proxemics. “Proxemics refers to the spatial relationship or how we use space.” (Tyler, Kossen & Ryan, 2005, p.190) Culture plays an important role in defining the use of one’s personal space in the nonverbal communication process. For example, in North America people usually remain at a distance from one another when talking while Latin American people stay very close when talking. (Wood, 2009). This defines the use of the privacy or personal space in two different cultures. H...
According to (Hofstede, Hofstede, & Minkov, 2010) described that the culture can be defined as it is made up of “thinking, feeling, and potential acting” that all people carry within themselves, which he terms as “mental programs.” Likewise, after did a large number of research, Hofstede decided to divide cultural differences into five dimensions, they are power distance, Individualism vs. Collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, Masculinity vs. Femininity and long-term vs. short-term orientation respectively. Putting more details into these five
Communication throughout the ages has changed greatly. In the past, all communication was done face to face or through written letters. Today, technology has evolved the way people can communicate. It is now possible to communicate with a person on the other side of the world. However, this ease of communication presents some challenges, mainly through difficulty in understanding the other person but also due to cultural differences. What one culture deems as acceptable, may not be true for the other. Other differences in culture also presents issues. However, these issues can be lessened or even eliminated through education and travel.
Interactions between individuals with different cultural background are vital in the international business environment. As a result, intercultural communication has developed significantly within this globalised world (Jonasson and Lauring, 2012). However, due to different cultural issues and differences, intercultural communication challenges often arise, which renders the negotiation process between organisations difficult. Several methods by management can be adopted to overcome or minimise these challenges. In particular, the aim of this essay illustrates the main intercultural communication issues that surround European MNE managers when partaking into sales negotiations with potential Chinese customers (e.g. Chinese distributors, agents). In additions the management approaches that may be adopted to overcome these challenges will be discussed.
unknown. (n.d.). The relationship between Culture and Communication. Retrieved November 20, 2010, from jrank.org: http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6491/culture-and-communication.html
I wasn 't quite sure what I was getting into when I first enrolled in Intercultural Communications. I had assumptions as to the goals of the course such as I would be learning about the way cultures interact with each other, learn about communication in general, or I would be learning about the ways we use communication through our culture. I think that I achieve the latter goal, but I also gained knowledge about more then just my culture. I came to realize that there is more to a culture than just language, appearances, and customs, which are aspects of culture that could be seen above the waterline, or they are more noticeable/obvious to someone outside of that culture. There are aspects of culture that are below the waterline, or more
Many people who go to visit or work in another country suffer some misunderstanding from the local people, because they have a different culture. Different culture will cause disparity points of view about almost everything. In the article, Intercultural Communication Stumbling Blocks by Laray M. Barna, there are five stumbling blocks mentioned that are seen in a cross-culture communication. These blocks are: language, nonverbal signs and symbols, preconceptions and stereotypes, the tendency to evaluate and high anxiety. Barna wants to use these stumbling blocks to show the common blockades between different cultures. I agree with what she thinks about the language, nonverbal signs and symbols, preconceptions and stereotypes, and the tendency
Humans have been communicating since four million years. On the other hand, the birth of culture is estimated to have taken place about 35,000 years ago. Today, both culture and communication have evolved considerably and have become interdependent of one another, to the point that communication is considered to be a product of culture. Thus, our own culture has a deep impact on our thoughts and behaviors. Since each culture has its distinct aspects, intercultural communication can be the cause of conflict and disorder. There are three main issues which are at the root of the problem of intercultural miscommunication : language as a barrier, cultural diversity and ethnocentrism. I will analyze these three notions in situations in which intercultural communication is frequent such as : the workplace, the classroom and vacation trips.
Since the past decade, there has been a tremendous rise in the usage of Internet, which is a global system of connecting millions of computer networks. Due to widespread access across the globe, Internet has now become a prime mean of communication used for several activities, organizations, advertising, online gaming and social networking. Information can be shared easily to anyone residing anywhere in the world within a few minutes. Social networking websites like Facebook, Pinterest and Twitter has brought the world closer. Thus people from various nations with different cultural backgrounds are able to interact and socialize with each other. They are able to add vast range of data on their web pages which is accessed by other users. In today’s world, a large number of people are changing their homes to a different locality or nation every day. Hence it becomes important to learn new languages in order to interact with a person of different social, ethnic, religious and educational background. This sharing of information across different social groups or cultures is called Intercultural Communication. It focuses not only on a person being able to speak diverse languages, but also on various other methods like non-verbal communication which will help in successful interaction.
Cross cultural communication is a very important factor for businesses in these days because of the rapid economic development hence globalisation.