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Essay on animal communication
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Specific sound frequencies are made when most animals communicate. with each other and how they are made differs ,; however, they all serve the main purpose of delivering a message from one animal to the other. Can these frequencies be delivered from an outside source to possibly control interactive occurrences? The behavioral traits between crickets rely heavily on their ratios of sex, population density, and the communications amongst each other. The male cricket often leads the communication with aggressive calls to other males (8 kHz and chirps about 2 seconds in length at 8 kHz) and mating calls to females (3 kHz and chirps about 4 seconds in length). The sounds produced during these interactions derive from the stridulating of the cricket’s wings. This in turn …show more content…
This can be quantified as the number of aggressive or mating occurrences within a 15-minute period. In nature, these crickets would have an instinct to respond to a predatory figure, however isolating the crickets during this experiment focuses solely on their interactions with each other as a response to external stimuli. (Huber 1989) In this case, the stimuli replicated was the emitted sound frequencies of 4kHz and 8kHz as these are the basic aggressive and mating chirps for most crickets. (Pollack 2014) As traits become normalized for specific living and social conditions, can these conditions be replicated and whether or not they will have an effect on the frequency-emitted groups of crickets becomes the focus. Four groups of crickets were used, mixed male and female, and how the external source of replicated communication affected the number of aggressive or mating interactions was
be too hot or too cold, this is a safety precaution for me as well as
Outline the physical similarities between the (Blaptica dubia) cockroach and the cricket. Explain previous studies on physical stress in the cricket and in different species of cockroaches. Briefly discuss how the metabolic rate between the two species has been found to be very similar.
The experiment was conducted to test three different variables. These variables are an assessment of female aggressiveness, food deprivation, and staged male to female interactions. When testing the female aggressiveness, virgin females were run through a latency of attack assay to determine their aggressiveness. The spiders were given 30 seconds and a cricket was dropped in and a measurement was taken of how long interaction occurred between the cricket and the spider. When testing food deprivation, the number of days that female spiders went without food varied and was paired in groups of 1, 3, and 5 days for routine feeding. It was predicted that the longer female spiders went without food, the hungrier they would be. When testing staged male and female interactions, the males were placed in female containers with open lids as an escape route. Each pair interacted for six hours and all pairs resulted in successful copulation, sexual cannibalism, or the male abandons the female’s web. All instances of cannibalism were precopula and occurred shortly after males initiated their courtship sequence. After interaction, the remaining males were taken out the female web and females that cannibalized a male were given 24 hours to feed on the male before being given another male. A female never cannibalized two males consecutively. It was concluded that females that attacked prey more rapidly were more likely to cannibalize their first male mate. There is no detection of an association between cannibalism or food deprivation and female’s body mass. There is a positive association between the mass of egg cases and the number of offspring in females. The study proved that two factor are important in sexual cannibalism, female hunger state and female aggressiveness. There is also a source of fitness benefit for the female.
During our experiment, we also observed that many of the crickets were not really decided when placed into our experimental setup. Many of the house crickets only ran around in circles in the stacking dish. After the two minute timeframe, we marked the location of each cricket and most of the crickets remain in a pattern of running around in circles after two minutes.... ... middle of paper ... ...
Snowdon, C. T., Brown, C. H., & Petersen, M. R. (1982). Primate communication. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press].
...or maintenance of traits that enhance the individuals overall fitness, as stated by ______. For males some of this fitness, which is influenced by the condition of the individual, goes into the expression of sexually selected traits, such as mating calls. This has a indirect result for other traits such as foraging behavior or increasing the risk of predation. This trait then becomes costly, resulting in the evolution of condition dependence, as shown by Price et al. 1993; Anderson 1994; and Johnstone 1995. Individuals in higher conditions have an advantage over others as they have a larger pool to allocate among their competing demands. This means that "condition dependence is expected to arise because individuals in higher condition are better able to pay higher marginal costs of further exaggeration than those in lower conditions”, as stated by Rowe and Houle.
In our ecosystem, there is very unique specie that uses hymning sounds to communicate with their own and they are Whales. Whales communicate with their own with various hymning sounds to talk to each other. They can travel in huge packs and still can communicate with different whales from a long distance. In the article, The Lost Cultures of Whales, written by Shane Gero he does back up and explain how whales share a special connection with each other by using their whale calls to talk to other from far distances by researching how they live as one. “The whales live in communities of neighboring families in a multicultural oceanic society” (Gero) by this, it can be inferred that whales share the same qualities as human being by us living in
Something interesting about the belugas is that they are known as the "canaries of the sea," because they make a large range of sounds including whistles, squeals, moos, chirps, and clicks(NOAA).
Sound is (a) the physical transmission of a disorder (energy) in a standard and the physiological response generally to pressure waves in air. However, the sound spectrum has much lower frequencies and is much simpler, with only three frequency regions; the infrasonic region (f<20Hz), the audible region (20Hz20 KHz), (Shipman-Wilson-Higgins, 2013). Depending on the volume of sound can be determined as a low or high frequencies.
Many different sports and games have been invented and started in England. Many of these are still played and remain very popular to the people of that country. The game of cricket is a very complicated sport to those who have never played with all of the rules and regulations but is one to be enjoyed by all. The exact measurements of the cricket playing field have not been officially agreed upon. The area is usually around 450 feet by 500 feet. When setting up the wicket, three stumps and driven into the ground. Each stump is about 31 inches along with one pointed end and one rounded end (Formals 24). Twenty-eight inches is left above the turf of the field. The three stumps are placed in a line with one another and the space between is just small enough to prevent a ball from passing through. When aligned they measure nine inches from the outside edges of the outer two stumps. On the rounded end of each stump is cut a half-inch groove in which the two remaining pieces of wood are placed (Formals 26). These two small, cylindral objects, called bails
This system would emit two stimuli that would repel birds from entering a specific area and guide them to an alternate location for nesting (Solman 1973). Mott and Timbrook (1988) examined the effect of an acoustic system sending these two signals on Canada geese and discovered that over 70% of the geese did not enter the area of research. The effectiveness of an acoustic system has also been examined by Cook et al. (2008) by performing an experiment on the presence of gulls at landfill sites. It has been discovered that various distress and alarm calls are the most effective method of deterring the birds from entering the area, after lethal methods (Cook et al. 2008). Additionally, many airports in Canada use a sound broadcast system, the Phoenix Wailer System, which emits a variety of sounds audible to birds and uses this system as a bird deterrent (Davis 1998). The Phoenix Wailer system consists of two low frequency speakers and four high frequency speakers with adjustable duration, speaker location, and source level (Davis 1998). The biological basis behind this system relies on the avoidance of locations with predators for survival (Bomford 1990). As the population of birds decreases, the removal of R. cathartica could proceed immediately. The implementation of a sound-emitting system is
Another way some ants can communicate with one another is by sound.
Seventh, in some groups of insects, truly social behavior has evolved. Social behavior will allow a large population to survive through difficult periods via cooperation in food gathering, food storage, temperature control, and colony
Crickets can only move between lily pads if they are paired up. Each cricket pair, which lasts only the time period that the pair moves between lily pads, is a trait group. For trait group selectionists, selection acts on this trait group. If cricket pairs are trait groups, then trait groups don’t have longer generations than individual organisms. Furthermore, since each cricket pair lasts only the duration of the lily pad journey, there are at least as many cricket pairs as individual crickets. Thus, the threat of within-group selection overpowering between-group selection disappears with respect to trait group selection.