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Effect of corporal punishment on children
Research on corporal punishment in america
Negative effect of corporal punishment
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Corporal punishment is a popular disciplinary technique in many American families. A study conducted by Dr. Elizabeth Thompson Gershoff revealed strong associations between corporal punishment and eleven child behaviors and experiences. This meta-analysis incorporated 62 years of collected data from 88 studies. It looked at positive and negative behaviors in children that were associated with corporal punishment. The behaviors and experiences noted were “…several in childhood (immediate compliance, moral internalization, quality of relationship with parent, and physical abuse from that parent), three in both childhood and adulthood (mental health, aggression, and criminal or antisocial behavior) and one in adulthood alone (abuse of own children
Dupper, David R. , and Amy E. Montgomery Dingus. "Corporal Punishment in U.S. Public Schools : A Continuing Challenge for School Social Workers." Schools and Children 30.4 (2008): 243-250. Print.
There is a point raised by the author on the article “Spanking children isn’t abusing them” that children in residential schools had horrible and often fatal beatings (2015). Furthermore, while reading “Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review” Gershoff asserts, “Behaviors that do not result in significant physical injury (e.g., spank, slap) are considered corporal punishment, whereas behav- iors that risk injury (e.g., punching, kicking, burning) are consid- ered physical abuse. ” (2002) As it was stated on the previous point, reasonable force has its limits, and limits the parent and care givers to discipline the child without degrading them or causing physical or psychological harm.
Holden (2002) reviewed Gershoff’s (2002) meta-analyses of eighty-eight (88) studies and noted that there were both positive and negative outcomes associated with the punishment of spanking. According to Gershoff’s (2002) analysis, the one positive outcome was immediate compliance by the child (Holden, 2002). This result was found to be consistent in five (5) studies. Immediate compliance was defined as the child complying to the parents directive within five (5) seconds. In stark contrast, there were four (4) negative outcomes. The analysis showed a negative effect on the quality of the parent child relationship, the child’s mental health, the child’s perception of being a victim of physical child abuse, and also impacted aggression in adulthood (Holden, 2002).
Elrod and Ryder (2011) state that child physical abuse is rather more specific than any other kind of “discipline”. There is a difference between spanking and child physical abuse, and that child physical abuse is more of a degree, not kind. There is no specific estimate of the exact role that child abuse and neglect plays in the United States, however, it is certain that there is a significant social problem in this area. Elrod and Ryder (2011) state that even mild forms of violence against children may encourage aggression and that physical abuse is strongly related to a variety of childhood adjustment problems. One of the major areas of childhood adjustment problems lies within the area of violent juvenile crime. Child physical abuse, aside from having physical injuries, affects the mental state of a c...
The Controversy Behind Child Spanking Spanking a child is a controversial issue. On one side of the debate are people who believe spanking is a necessary component of parenting. On the contrary, there are people who think spanking a child is destructive.
The general acceptance, and sometimes support, of corporal punishment as a method of discipline is an aspect of the American culture (Barnett, Miller-Perrin, Perrin 61).
Swat! The entire store tries not to stare at the overwhelmed mother spanking her three-year-old whaling son. As if the screaming tantrum wasn't enough of a side show at the supermarket. This method, or technique perhaps, has been around for decades, even centuries. Generations have sat on grandpa’s lap and listened to the stories of picking their own switch or getting the belt after pulling off a devilish trick. So why then has it become a major controversy in the past few decades? The newest claim is that spanking and other forms of physical punishment can lead to increased aggression, antisocial behavior, physical injury and mental health problems for children. Brendan L. Smith uses many case studies and psychologists findings in his article “The Case Against Spanking” to suggest that parents refrain from physically punishing their children due to lasting harmful effects.
Physical child abuse is defined in various ways. Most people would recognize it as the presence of an injury that the child sustains from someone who is caring for them. The injuries are also referred to as inflicted or nonaccidental injuries. Some common examples of inflicted injury are fractures, burns, bruises, subdural hematoma, head trauma, and shaken baby syndrome. Physical abuse may also be in the form of maltreatment, including hitting with a hand, stick, strap, or other object; punching; kicking; shaking; throwing; burning; stabbing; or choking to the extent that harm results. The National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (NCCAN) estimated that 37% of children with maltreatment injuries developed a disability or special need,
Spankings are a vital asset in raising children. Adults who were not spanked as children as opposed to adults who were spanked may have disagreements about differing methods of discipline, but the fact remains that discipline is an important foundation of building the life of an upstanding citizen. Parents of today’s generation of children have seemed to have gotten away from the spanking method of disciplining their children and the perceived effects of this is running rampant through today’s society. Children who were spanked versus children who were not spanked behave differently in different situations throughout life. In fact, spanking your child can actually be more beneficial than once believed if practiced the right way.
A child's bond with their mother is often something that never becomes broken, but when such a strong relationship begins to crumble by the hands of a parent who doesn't have the cognitive ability to understand the rights and wrongs of discipline you begin to see more anxiety, depression, and trust issues in these children. These issues are going to carry on throughout their adulthood causing more problems than what would've been caused by their action beforehand. A myriad of research has been done in the scientific field pertaining to the short, mid and long term effects of corporal punishment. These effects are things along the line of reduction in gray matter of the brain, a barrier amongst the child, their parent and a social barrier due to the anxiety, it's also an ineffective method of discipline.
In the article “The Influence of Corporal Punishment on Crime” posted on “The Natural Child Project”, Adah Maurer, Ph.D. and James S. Wallerstein present a study which shows how corporal punishment on children affects the choices they make later in life, whether it be the length of education or choices that put them in prison, by surveying numerous people and displaying the results in a chart. The study showed the severity- never, rare, moderate, severe, and extreme- of corporal punishment used on each person that fell into the categories of violent inmates at San Quentin, juvenile delinquents, high school drop-outs, college freshman, and professionals. One-hundred percent of violent inmates responded with extreme corporal punishment and over half of the juvenile delinquents responded with extreme corporal punishment. Majority of professionals, on the other hand, responded with rare corporal punishment. (“The Influences of Corporal…”) This data shows a positive correlation between corporal punishment and unlawful behavior; more illicit behavior is shown the more a child is physically
...E. (2000). Child Outcomes of Nonabusive and Customary Physical Punishment by Parents: An Updated Literature Review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. doi:10.1023/A:1026473020315.
"Summary of Research on the Effects of Corporal Punishment." End Corporal Punishment. EndCorporalPunishment.org, Apr. 2013. Web. 12 May 2014. .
Corporal punishment is the physical disciplinary method used by parents, teachers, and school administrators in an effort to correct a child’s undesirable behaviors. The use of physical force is one that is often times controversial and usually evokes very strong reactions. These feelings surface, and opposing views clash, when scandals surrounding corporal punishment hit the media and heated arguments in the comments section of articles emerge. While corporal punishment occasionally makes its way into the limelight, it is a decision all parents are faced with eventually and often times daily. For example, when a toddler is sprawled out on the grocery store floor kicking, hitting, and flinging
Corporal punishment is defined as “an infliction of punishment to the body.” My primary reason for not approving corporal punishment would be that corporal punishment creates a negative reaction from the student’s perspective plus additional problems in the end. To discipline students in a way that will harm them into non-misbehavior is not the way to go. I claim that corporal punishment in public schools should not be permitted because it is barbaric, harmful, and in no way a method to solve personal problems.