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Chapter 1. psychology: the evolution of a science
Chapter 1. psychology: the evolution of a science
Chapter 1. psychology: the evolution of a science
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The Rorschach test, also known as the inkblot test, is one of the most controversial psychological assessments. Though controversial, it is also one of the most well known projective personality tests. This projective personality test has been used to help better understand clients and provide insight into an individual’s inner conscious and potential psychological problems. Although the idea of the inkblot procedure was present before Herman Rorschach, he was the first to use inkblots to help identify psychological disorders, specifically looking among schizophrenics. While Rorschach only lived to the age of 37, he has made lasting contributions to psychology today. Herman Rorschach, a Swiss psychiatrist, first published his ideas in 1921.He was originally interested in using inkblots to identify psychological disorders when he noticed children’s response to a game, blotto. By dropping ink into a piece of paper and folding it, children would then interpret these images to see who could come up with the most ideas of what the image resembled. Rorschach was intrigued when he realized schizophrenic patients had vastly different answers than others in this …show more content…
Although it has a large empirical base, it lacks a solid scientific background. The biggest weakness of Rorschach is the lack of standardization. With various test administrators and the ambiguity in interpretation, all the tests can result in completely different results. This also raises the question about reliability and validity. When trying to obtain the unconscious content, it is difficult to eliminate the environmental stimuli and purely focus on the image. Although it may raise questions of uncertainty, to a certain extent, the Rorschach test allows individuals to potentially find the inner problems and find ways to help individuals. Additionally, it can be used as a psychological assistant in finding the root of an
Haney, Craig; Zimbardo, Philip. American Psychologist, Jul98, Vol. 53 Issue 7, p709, 19p, 2 Black and White Photographs,
This essay will explore one of the possible combinations of theories on personality and explain how it can be applied in practical therapy.
Kaplan, H. I., Sadock, B. J., & Grebb, J. A. (1994). Synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences,
Wood, J. M., Nezworski, M. T., Lilienfeld, S.O., & Garb, H.N. (2003). The Rorschach Inkblot test, fortune tellers, and the cold reading. Skeptical Inquirer,
John B. Skinner, known as B.F. Skinner, was born in Pennsylvania in March 20, 1904. His father was a lawyer and his mother stayed home. As a boy, he enjoyed building gadgets. He attended Hamilton College to pursue his passion in writing; however, he had no success. He later attended Harvard University to pursue another passion, human psychology. He studied operant conditioning using a box, also known as Skinner box. He studied the behavior of rats and pigeons and how they respond to their environment. He was the chair of psychology in Indiana College, but he later became a Harvard professor. He later published the book The Behavior of Organisms based
Intelligence tests have been developed by scientists as a tool to categorize army recruits or analyze school children. But still discussing what intelligence is, academics have a difficult time defining what intelligence tests should measure. According to the American researcher Thorndike, intelligence is only that what intelligence tests claim it is (Comer, Gould, & Furnham, 2013). Thus, depending on what is being researched in the test and depending on the scientist’s definition of intelligence the meaning of the word intelligence may vary a lot. This essay will discuss what intelligence is in order to be able to understand the intelligence theories and aims of intelligence tests.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Rector, N. A. (2011). Abnormal psychology. (2 ed., p. 297, 321, 322,
The Blind Side is a film that follows the life of Michael Oher, an underprivileged high school football player that is supported by an upper class family, the Tuohys, and taken into their home. They provide him with shelter and a bed that he says he has never had. As the Tuohys are driving down the street one night, they see Michael walking alone in the cold. Mrs. Tuohy tells her husband to stop the car and she lets Michael inside. The couple discusses later that night about whether it was a good idea or not to allow Michael into their home. They ultimately decide that they are doing what is best for him and they can sacrifice a little bit of their life to help Michael. They support him in school, on the football field, and when he is
n hypothesis of the experiment is that the group containing four members will perform better than the group containing two members. This is the foundation from which we have conducted our experiment.
Maher, B. A., & Maher, W. B. (1985). Psychopathology: II. From the eighteenth century to modern times. In G. A. Kimble & K. Schlesinger (Eds.), Topics in the history of psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 295-329). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Rorschach Tests have been used in shrinks, doctors offices, hospitals, and lab centers. The Rorschach Test was invented by Mr. Hermann Rorschach and has been around since the 1920’s to determine mental intelligence and demeanor. It tests people by showing them inkblots and seeing what they see in the inkblots. Despite the fact that Rorschach tests have been interpreted as pointless and meaningless; they actually accurately portray someone's demeanor.
This chapter focuses on David Rosenhan and his experiment on determining if psychologists can correctly diagnose patients in a hospital setting(sane vs insane). Rosenhan was inspired to embark on this experiment after hearing from his friend that many soldiers tried to avoid the Vietnam War draft by faking mental illnesses. This experiment was centered around Rosenhan and how he recruited eight of his friends as pseudopatients to take part in this experiment in where the pseudopatients faked their way into a hospital during the month of October. Before the experiment, the pseudopatients practiced faking symptoms and pretending to consume medications. Furthermore, all of the pseudopatients possessed the same symptom of pretending to hear a voice in their head making a “thud” sound, but once they enter the hospital, the voice disappears. The voice for each of the pseudopatients matches the sex of the patients themselves. When Rosenhan went to the
The article “Personality is Reflected in the Brain’s Intrinsic Functional Architecture” was published in 2011, in the 11th Issue of the 6th Volume of PLOS ONE. PLOS ONE is the world’s first multidisciplinary Open Access journal. By accepting research regardless of the subject area, PLOS ONE aids in establishing connections between research disciplines. The journal’s process of rigorous peer review ensures that each published study is technically sound. It was published online on November 30, 2011. The article was written by Jonathan S. Adelstein, a clinical instructor in the Department of Psychiatry at the New York University School of Medicine. Adelstein studied
B.F. Skinner is a major contributor to the Behavioral Theory of personality, a theory that states that our learning is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement, punishment, modeling, and observation. An individual acts in a certain way, a.k.a. gives a response, and then something happens after the response. In order for an action to be repeated in the future, what happens after the response either encourages the response by offering a reward that brings pleasure or allows an escape from a negative situation. The former is known as positive reinforcement, the latter known as negative reinforcement (Sincero, 2012). A teenager who received money for getting an “A” is being positively reinforced, while an individual who skips a class presentation is being negatively reinforced by escaping from the intense fear and anxiety that would have occurred during the presentation.
“A failure is not always a mistake, it may simply be the best one can do under the circumstances. The real mistake is to stop trying.” Burrhus Frederic Skinner was among the behavioral psychologists to have the most immense contribution to the field of psychology. He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University from 1958-1974.