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Causes of racism essay
Police reforms since the 1970s
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Contending loyalties are a problem many people around the world face, whether two nationalist loyalties come into conflict or a nationalist and non-nationalist the consequences can be dire if these contentions are not dealt with. To have a contending loyalty means to be loyal to two things, whether a nation, language, culture or many other thing and have the two come into conflict. When dealing with contending loyalties you have three options. You can choose one loyalty over the other, ignore the problem or find a way to include and accommodate both. Generally most people seek to accommodate both so that they can still have more than one aspect of their identity. Many Canadians face contending loyalties, especially aboriginal peoples and immigrants. …show more content…
Reasonable accommodation is a policy of changing the way things are traditionally done to accommodate someone of a different religion, culture, race, etcetera. Canada has a put funding towards a policy of reasonable accommodation. This policy allows people from all walks of life to feel acceptance and belonging within their community and can help to ease cultural divisions. Reasonable accommodation is an important factor in reconciling contending loyalties. An example of this would be the example of Baltej Singh Dhillon. In 1989 he was offered a job with the RCMP, but only if he would remove his turban, cut his hair and shave his beard. He refused, and started a legal battle. Over 90,000 Canadians signed a petition against changing the traditional uniform, the flat-brimmed Stetson hat. It became a great political controversy. However, in 1990 Brian Mulroney and his government announced new changes would be made to the uniform, and Dhillon was allowed to wear his turban. In 2016 the RCMP made changes to its uniform again to allow muslim women to wear a hijab while serving, which was also the source of much controversy. However these small changes helped to reconcile contending nationalist, Canadian, and non-nationalist, religious, conflicts. Another example of reasonable accommodation was for British bus drivers in 1969. During this time there were divisions growing among the people, …show more content…
In the USA there is a great divide between their people and their many contending loyalties, a situation like this is what we are trying to prevent in Canada. Many groups are at conflict over religion, language and race. One example of this is the Black Lives Matter movement. It started in 2013, in response to the fatal shooting of Trayvon Martin, an unarmed black teenager from Florida. Since this incident there have been many instances of people in authority racially profiling blacks, which consequently often leads to police brutality. Such as the deaths of Michael Brown, Eric Garner, Freddie Grey and Tamir Rice. All of these men were unarmed and unjustly killed. Protests started to pop up around many major cities in the USA, demanding for the police force and government to change their ways. Two major protests were in Ferguson, MO in 2014 and Baltimore, MD in 2015. Both were triggered by brutality against members of the black community. In Ferguson the protests were fueled by the death of Michael Brown. Brown had robbed a convenience store and when questioned allegedly attempted to grab the officer’s gun. The police officer discharged his gun, injuring the man who then fled. Brown turned to surrender, raising his hands above his head the office fatally shot him, claiming he had charged at him. Brown’s body was left in the street for four hours after the shooting, which greatly
Multiculturalism policy was first adopted in Canada in 1971, which reaffirms the dignity and value of all its citizens regardless of ethnic origins, race, religious affiliations, or language. Part of this policy, Canada confirms the rights of all the aboriginals along with the recognition of two official languages. Indeed, multiculturalism has great importance since its main purpose is to give equal treatment to all the citizens (Daniel, 2010). It ensures that all individual citizens could still maintain their identities, and have pride with their ancestry. Through this initiative, the Canadian government was able to give their citizens a feeling of self-confidence, making them more open to their diverse cultures. The multiculturalism policy
This relation believes that the “law shapes --and is shaped by-- the society in which it operates (Elizabeth Comack,2014) As people our interactions and experiences are administered by our social positioning in society, and that social location is conditioned by three key elements: our race, class, and gender. These three elements have been used to divide, separate and categorize society. (Comeck,2014) . Racial profiling is something that I believe is extremely evident in Canada. Racial profiling is defined as targeting individuals for law enforcement based on the colour of their skin, which can lead to practices like carding. (Chan, 2007). Carding is a police practice that involves stopping, questioning and documenting people in mostly non-criminal encounters. (Chan, 2007) Stopping people on the street for no reason to ask them who they are, and what they are up to is outrageous and can have fatal consequences. On September 24, 2014, at 10:00pm Jermaine Carby was sitting in the passenger seat of his friend’s car while out for a drive. They were pulled over for a traffic stop in Brampton by a Peel police officer. This police officer went around to the passenger’s side and asked Carby for his identity so he could card him. When conducting this street check the officer discovered the Vancouver had a warrant for his arrest. Allegedly, this is when Carby started threatening officers with a large knife. A knife that witnesses nor
...between them and the “Others,” though after 9/11 this “innocences” of living in an harmonious world was no longer due to the actions of the ‘terrorists’ (Street, 2003). The inquiry report on racial profiling from OHRC was serving a purpose to demonstrate anti-hegemony which delineates as the refusal to give permission to all that is wrong, encourage the knowledge of different cultures, and oppose to a single powerful group from ruling the system (Stand, 2014). Informing Canadian’s on racial profiling is a great start to raising consciousness, however knowledge is not everything. Knowledge without answers is only awareness and in order to change racial profiling individuals need direction. Perhaps OHRC could present a new report with answers to end racial profiling or at least where to begin, because with proper guidance racial profiling can be modified and destroyed.
The Dual Nation Theory took its heading starting in 1960, with the beginning of the sovereignty movement (Gorman, Robert F. 2008. 2018-2020). It truly took off, however, with the Quiet Revolution, where the idea of “maîtres chez nous” and the shift from being a distinct part of Canada to Quebec being a nation in its own right begins to take hold. Québécois nationalism defined Confederation as being an agreement between two peoples: the French and the English. “Quebec constitutes within Canada a distinct society, which includes a French-speaking majority, a unique culture and civil law tradition” (Chotalia, 1993). This is significant to mention because this is the theory that ultimately leads to the Three Nation Theory.
Stroink, M, & Lalonde, R. (2009). Bicultural identity conflict in second-generation asian canadians. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(1), 44-65
Over the past centuries, Black community in Toronto have encountered and persisted violence and discriminations in many different ways. Racial profiling and carding are the two major roots of police brutality. Police officers often have biased perceptions and negative feelings about certain races. Carding can be defined as random police checks that target young African-Canadian men. Police might detain a driver for driving a specific type of vehicle or driving in certain areas that they have assumptions about. “This practice was a systematic violation of the rights of people in our communities, especially of racialized youth” (CBC ABC National, June 1, 2015). Carding results in police abusing their power which leads to assaults, shootings and death. However, police have said
Humans, despite their long history of cruelty and spite towards each other, have also showed a desire for peace and understanding during crucial struggles for power and rights. A prevalent example of this peaceful resistance is the nonviolent movement by African-Americans throughout the course of American history to gain full civil liberties and protected rights. The movement has evolved through various time periods, eventually being the catalyst for a civil war in America. Recently, there has been tension due to several racially-motivated killings by police officers, notably in the cities of Baltimore, Maryland and Minneapolis, Minnesota. There have been lockdowns in cities due to fear of hate crimes, and as violence escalates across the
In America, police brutality affects and victimizes people of color mentally and socially. Social injustice has become a major issue, which involved the principle of white supremacy vs minorities. The current police brutality that has been occurring is culturally disconnecting ethnicities from one another. According to Cincinnati Police Chief Jeffrey Blackwell, “…the cultural disconnect is very real; you have the weight of generations of abuse on African Americans,” (Flatow, 2016). For example, over the past four years, there have been countless acts of police brutality. The three key deaths of Eric Garner, Philando Castile, and Alton Sterling have become the face of police brutality in the year 2016. People knew that it was unequal treatment of black people by police in the United States and they made it known by creating #BlackLivesMatter.
Many people across the globe argue that nationalism within Canada is simply not feasible. It is said that we as a people, differ so greatly with our diverse cultures, religions, and backgrounds that we cannot come together and exist together as a strong, united nation. In his book, Lament for a Nation, George Grant tells the reader that “…as Canadians we attempted a ridiculous task in trying to build a conservative nation in the age of progress, on a continent we share with the most dynamic nation on earth. The current history is against us.” (1965) Originally directed towards the Bomarc Missile Crisis, the book argues that whatever nationalism Canada had was destroyed by globalization as well as the powerful American sphere of influence. Although it is true that the book was initially written as a response to the events that took place in the late 1950s, many of the points are still valid today.
This paper supports Thomas Flanagan's argument against Native sovereignty in Canada; through an evaluation of the meanings of sovereignty it is clear that Native sovereignty can not coexist with Canadian sovereignty. Flanagan outlines two main interpretations of sovereignty. Through an analysis of these ideas it is clear that Native Sovereignty in Canada can not coexist with Canadian sovereignty.
The first thing we should examine is what exactly is meant by “strong national identity”. A very good example of strong national identity is the U.S.. I doubt there is a man on this planet who is not familiar with the U.S.. People immediately recognize their flag, and most people can tell you quite a bit about them. The same is true of Canada, and what do they know of Canada? In 1995 U.S. President Bill Clinton stated his view of Canada in a speech where he declared, “Canada has shown the world how to balance freedom with compassion and tradition with innovation, in your efforts to provide health care to all your citizens, to treat senior citizens with the dignity and respect they deserve...”(Canada Today 9). We were also rated first in the UN’s 1992 “Human Development Index” (9).
Canada is internationally renowned for its commitment to multiculturalism. In fact, Canada was the first nation to officially adopt a multicultural policy. However, while the Canadian government has developed a broad-based multicultural mandate that includes a national human rights code and increased penalties for hate-motivated crimes, and most Canadians oppose overt forms of discrimination and hate, racism continues to exist in Canadian society, albeit in a subtle fashion.
One might define the relations between police and community relations in the Jane and Finch area of Toronto to be very discriminating. The start of the film already gives some insight on the issue which the film is trying to portray. A coloured man’s is being harassed because the police do not think that he has ownership for the van to which he claimed he owned. The police were violating his rights and treating him in an impolite manner simply because of the standard that has been set, claiming that all coloured individuals are violent and dangerous. This is also the case because the film has been recorded in the Jane and Finch area; where people are looked down upon and regarded as dangerous, violent and unemployed.
Much about April Leatherwood's attitude towards her career and employer, the Memphis Police, contrasts with the predictions by Johnson's article, "Rethinking Company Loyalty" (2005). For example, Johnson's expectation of modern employees is that they are more likely to be loyal to their own careers than to the employer (Johnson, 2005), yet April was exactly the opposite, showing such complete dedication to the police department and cause that she risked her health, mental state, relationships, and even her life to fulfill her duty to the absolute best of her abilities. Indeed, she literally lived as if she were a drug addict, all day, every day for an entire year, while often witnessing disturbing events, because, she says, "she loved the camaraderie of the department and its protect-and-serve mission" (Brusseau, 2012).
Police brutality is one of the most serious human rights violations in the United States and it occurs everywhere. The reason why I chose this topic is because police brutality happens all the time in the United States and still remains unrecognized by many. Additionally, the public should be knowledgeable about this topic because of how serious this crime can be and the serious outcomes that police brutality can have on other police officers and the public. The job of police officers is to maintain public order, prevent, and detect crimes. They are involved in very dangerous and stressful occupations that can involve violent situations that must be stopped and controlled by any means. In many confrontations with people, police may find it necessary to use excessive force to take control of a certain situation. Sometimes this makes an officer fight with a suspect who resists being arrested. Not all cops in communities are great cops. At least once a year, the news covers a story about a person being beat by an officer. The article “Minority Threat and Police Brutality: Determinants of Civil Rights Criminal Complaints in U.S. Municipalities” by Malcolm D. Holmes from the University of Wyoming, uses the conflict theory to explain why officers go after minorities sometimes causing police brutality. It explains the police’s tension with African American and Latino males. Those minorities are the ones that retaliate more against police officers which causes the officer to use violent force to defend themselves.