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Offences against the person act case 1800
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A person who intentionally or recklessly causes serious harm to another shall be guilty of an offence. Consent to harm is not usually not a defence to a charge of assault causing harm under section 3 or causing serious harm under section 4 of the Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act 1997. However, consent to harm or serious harm may be a defence if the activity leading to that harm does not offend against public policy. If the consent is given to the risk of farm or serious harm with involves sadomasochistic sexual activities, it will not be a defence. In the case R v Brown, the defendants had consensually and in private inflicted various sadomasochistic tortures on each other. They videoed these activities and the tapes fell into the hands of the police. They were charged with occasioning actual bodily harm on each other. The question presented was whether or not lack of consent was an essential part of the offence. The House of Lords held that consent is only a defence where the conduct in question is “in the public interest”. They did not …show more content…
The complainant went to public house near her home to buy some cigarettes. She got into a conversation with two men. One of the men bought her cider. She returned home and as she tried to enter her house she was forced into the bedroom. She was then indecently assaulted. When the police arrived, they found the appellant still asleep on the bed. The police could smell alcohol. The appellant was arrested. When the complainant was examined, she was found to have injuries to the interior and exterior of the vagina. The court held that the extent of the violence inflicted on the complainant went far beyond the risk of minor injury to which if she consented, her consent would have been a defence. It was inconceivable that the complainant would have consented to the injuries which were infect inflicted on her. Consent must be freely given and fully
Similar to the sisters’ observation, the analyst initially thought that the foreign material that was floating in the bottle was a condom, however, upon examination, he was scientifically certain that the foreign object was a mold. As the trial ended, the jury favored the plaintiffs, awarding them $75,000 each. Nevertheless, the trial court decreased the jury award to $25,000 each to Hagan and Parker. Both involved parties appealed to the Fifth District Court Appeals. The appellate court concluded under the case law concerning the impact rule -that the sisters had not established a claim because they did not suffer a physical injury. The appellate court reversed the jury award.
The appeal was heard in The NSW Supreme Court, Court of Appeal. The appellant appealed the issue of “blameless accidents” therefore providing new evidence, with the view that the preceding judge made an error recognising the content and scope of duty of care. He also noted the breach of duty of care and causation .
Victim Avina told me approximately five years, prior to getting married, Suspect Avina threw his dress shoe at her. The shoe hit Vicitm Avina is the stomach which did not cause any injuries. About two months ago, Suspect Avina attempted to push Victim Avina’s right shoulder. Victim Avina lend back and avoided the push but hit her right upper thigh against the living rooms coffee table. The impact later left a quarter size bruise. Victim Avina took a photograph of the bruise (see attached photo).
The victim fell from her bathroom window, in which she and the defendant resided. Prior to the fall, the victim was in an argument with the defendant leading to him forcibly entering their bathroom. Although the series of events leading up to the victim’s fall are unclear, it has been suggested in the prosecution case that the victim was either pushed out of the window by the defendant or voluntarily jumped out.
from the victim and the scene of the crime be tested and his appeals were denied ("A.B. Butler").
Sexual assault is the act of sexual intercourse without consent of the other person according to the New South Wales Consolidation Act of 1900 (Austlii 2011) and is also described by the Australian Standard Offence Classification as ‘non-consensual’ acts or intents of sexual nature (ASOC 2008, p. 31). It has become one of the most predominate crimes creating social harm in Australia. Social harm is defined as the negative influence through consequences impacting the individual on the living conditions of the surrounding public (Cain & Howe 2008, p. 26). Sexual assault poses a social threat to all aspects of the community, spreading insecurity in the 9000 victims across Australia and 1900 victims in NSW alone as indicated in the Australian Bureau of Statistics Crime Victimisation Report (ABS 2011, p. 40). This is supported by the victimization rate of all sexually assaulted victims between ages 10 to 14 being 4 times greater than all the other age groups (ABS 2010).
Legally, one might wonder how sexual assault is defined. According to Massachusetts State law, there are two major categories of sexual assault against adults. One of these is rape, and the other is indecent assault and battery. Rape is defined as “sexual intercourse or unnatural sexual intercourse with a person and compels such person to submit by force and against his/her will, or compels such person to submit by threat of bodily injury.” Rape and attempted rape are punishable by up to 20 years in prison.
Initially, the mens rea of rape prior to the case of DPP v Morgan a defendant cannot be found liable for rape if he had the reasonable belief that consent was formed between them and the victim. Which leads to an unfairness to those victims that have been violated, and also that any person accused of rape could say they had belief in consent. Although, it was shown not to matter how unreasonable that belief may have been, in concerning the knowledge or lack of knowledge of consent. Needless to say, the current law has attempted to improve and develop upon this concept, though it may not be completely satisfactory. The 21st century initiated a new state of trying to improve the current laws and precedents on the definition of rape, the prior precedent simply not suitable for the 21st century. Various cases after Morgan , prior to the act that redrew and reformed the Mens rea of rape, came to court and illustrated how the principle of Morgan operates. In Kimber the defendant (D) was charged with sexually assaulting a mentally disordered woman. It had to be determined whether his interference was in fact an assault, even with the D’s claim of consent to his actions, though she claimed otherwise. The court came to find that the mens rea for assault is intentionally touching a Victim (V), unlawfully, i.e. without consent. However, due to the fact that the D believed the consent was there, however unreasonably, he therefore lacked the mens rea of the assault and therefore not guilty.
The 2003 Act also changes the law on consent and belief in consent. Convicting a person of rape is defined under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 s1, it is as follows; “A person (A) commits an offence if: he intentionally penetrates the vagina, anus or mouth of another person with his penis, if person (B) does not consent to the penetration and if person (A) does not reasonably believe that (B) consents”.... ... middle of paper ... ...
The offender urinated on his victim during the sexual assault which instigates
suddenly jumps in front of her and drags her into an alley. The attacker strikes (A) and rips her clothes. Fortunately, (A) hits the attacker with a rock and runs to safety. The man’s actions do not amount to assault, they amount to a battery as he dragged the woman to an alley, stroke her, and ripped her clothes off with the intent of causing her harm. The acts of the woman are a measure of self-defense, and she cannot be held accountable for the infliction she may have induced to the man. If the man just followed her without having any physical contact with her, his actions would have constituted to assault, as he would inflict fear into the
She told the defendant she could not breathe; he moved his hands to her waistline and held her down. The defendant was able to drag the victim into the backroom while telling her “be quite, be quite.” Once they were in the backroom, the defendant pulled down his pants and told the victim to perform fellatio. The victim did has he said. He told her she was taking too long and told her to pull down her pants.
The defendant was a jealous woman who had been romantically involved with a man, Mr Jones, who had then gone on to have a relationship with another woman, Ms Booth, who he later became engaged to in the spring of 1971. The defendant, as a result, went to Ms Booth’s home and poured petrol through her letterbox, she then put newspaper, which she set on fire through also. This quickly ignited and the defendant went straight home without alerting anyone to the blaze, which was spreading. Although Ms Booth and her son were able to escape through a window, her two daughters perished, as they were asphyiciated by the fumes from the flames, which were engulfing their house as they slept. The defendant argued that she was not guilty of murder as she did not intend on causing harm or killing anyone, she had just wanted to frighten Ms Booth and as a result should only be found guilty of manslaughter.
One consents in the event that they agree by choice and has the freedom and capacity to make that choice. This originates from s.74 of Sexual Offences Act 2003 where ‘consent’ is defined using two ideas which are as follows: ‘agree by choice’ and ‘freedom and capacity’. ‘Agree by choice’ demonstrating that consent should be perceived as signs of willingness. Followed by this is a pair of factors which should be considered when deciding whether or not the consent from victim’s perspective can be perceived as legally effective; ‘freedom’ and
The relationship between law and morality has been argued over by legal theorists for centuries. The debate is constantly be readdressed with new cases raising important moral and legal questions. This essay will explain the nature of law and morality and how they are linked.