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Evidence in the criminal justice process
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In P.D. James’ “Great Aunt Allie’s flypapers “ and Jeffrey Deavers’ “Copycat,” the audience is introduced to two entertaining and quintessential Police detectives: James’s Adam Dalgliesh and Deaver’s Quentin Altman. They are both quintessential in that they both adhere to three elements of Police Detective fiction: the detective is a police detective, the detective must utilize evidence, and justice is not always achieved. However, the ways these two detectives satisfy these elements of police procedurals is different.
Detectives Dalgliesh and Altman are both attached to police forces, but they utilize their connections differently. Adam Dalgliesh, a Superintendent with the London Metropolitan Police, does not utilize his police
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connections because the case is old, personal, and “QUOTE.”. For these reasons, Dalgliesh investigates the case on his own, though he does utilize his job title and connections to assist him solve the case. On the other hand, Quentin Altman, a Detective for the Greenville Police, is working when he takes the case in “Copycat.”. Because he is working the case for the force, he has to utilize his police connections. Using those connections means that Forensic results, case files, and evidence are more readily accessible than they would be otherwise. Yet, whether the audience is shown the detective utilizing his connections or not, both detectives collect evidence and witnesses to solve their cases.
For instance, the evidence Dalgliesh collects is still useful to his investigation, even if he is not working for the Metropolitan Police while he solves the case. He speaks to expert “Aubrey Glatt . . . a wealthy amateur criminologist” and the witness “QUOTE MAURGAURITE GODDARD.”. Aubrey Glatt assists Dalgliesh with the particulars of the case ________________________. Marguerite Goddard is absolutely essential to solving the case because she knows exactly who committed the crime. Altman, however, has the opportunity to use evidence besides expert and witness testimony. “Copycat” is set more recently than “Aunt Allie’s Flypapers,” Altman has technology available to him Dalgliesh did not possess. For instance, Altman utilizes the Forensics Department to prove that the writing in the library book is the same hand as the suspicious fan letter sent to the author. Because of modern forensics and the fact that all of the evidence he collects will have to stand in a court of law, there is more emphasis on physical evidence and the integrity of the evidence. To ensure the integrity of the evidence: “[Altman] pulled on his own latex gloves and slipped the book into an evidence envelope” (Deaver. 360). But, evidence, even reliable evidence, does not ensure
justice. Authors of Police Procedurals portray a view of justice closer to real life. The perpetrator is not always found and at times decent people are blamed for crimes they did not commit. In “Great Aunt Allie’s Flypapers,” there is restitution served to the culprit. The actual perpetrator was too young to understand what he had done. There was, however, a witness to the crime. Aunt Allie forces the witness to pay her, thereby issuing justice. Marguerite Goddard tells Dalgliesh, “’I’ve paid, Mr. Dalgliesh. For sixty-seven years I’ve paid’” (James 181). A court of law may not have found the witness guilty, but that does not affect the fact that the crime was paid for. Yet, in “Copycat,” justice is not served at all. The story leads the audience to believe that a dedicated, dead sergeant was the culprit of the prior serial murders and the attempted murder of the author; “Fletch bobbled the case intentionally– because he was the killer, probably destroying any evidence that led to him” (Deaver 374). At the end of the story, after Altman believes he has solved the case, the narrator reveals that it was not the detective who committed the crime. The narrator goes on to explain who the perpetrator was and how he covered his tracks. In detective stories where the detective fails to solve the crime the detective has the presence of mind to recognize their failure and admit fallibility. However, the audience is given no indication that Altman suspects his suppositions may be wrong. The audience may know who committed the crime, but it is still not as satisfying as a closed case or even an acknowledgement of failure from the detective. ___________________________________________________________. Dalgliesh and Altman are realistic police detectives who perform their jobs well. They search for and utilize evidence, even making sure that their evidence is reliable. However, both detectives achieve justice to different degrees. Dalgliesh may not achieve justice through the courts, but justice had already been served.
Because police investigators are usually under pressure to arrest criminals and safeguard the community, they often make mistakes. Sometimes, detectives become convinced of a suspect 's guilt because of their criminal history or weak speculations. Once they are convinced, they are less likely to consider alternative possibilities. They overlook some important exculpatory evidence, make weak speculations and look only for links that connect a suspect to a crime, especially if the suspect has a previous criminal record. Picking Cotton provides an understanding of some common errors of the police investigation process. During Ronald Cottons interrogation, the detectives did not bother to record the conversation “But I noticed he wasn 't recording the conversation, so I felt that he could be writing anything down”(79) unlike they did for Jennifer. They had already labelled Ronald Cotton as the perpetrator and they told him during the interrogation “Cotton, Jennifer Thompson already identified you. We know it was you”(82). Jenifer Thompson 's testimony along with Ronald Cotton 's past criminal records gave the detectives more reason to believe Ronald committed the crime. Ronald Cotton stated “ This cop Sully, though, he had already decided I was guilty.”(84). Many investigative process have shortcomings and are breached because the officials in charge make
Judges make rulings on what evidence may or may not be admitted over the course of a trial and technology impacts the way police collect and process evidence, this is true today as well as during the 1892 trial of Lizzie Borden. The rudimentary practice of evidence collection and processing by police was a critical factor in the acquittal of Lizzie Borden. Fingerprinting had not been introduced into the court system and the absence of an eyewitness left the prosecution with little to work with, this left the prosecution only circumstantial evidence but most if not all of it pointed at the defendant. The Borden home was absent of any signs of forced entry and the traditional signs of a struggle couldn’t be located during the police examination but several gruesome facts indicated Lizzie Borden may have been innocent. Medical evidence as to the method used in the killings pointed toward a “tall man” being the culprit, specifically the nineteen wounds inflicted on Abby Borden were said to have been from a dull edge of an axe.
My initial inspiration for this piece was Trifles, which funnily enough only shares the characteristic of detectives being involved within the plot. As per suggestion on my proposal, I developed my idea of detectives solving a case further by including dialogue and inter-personnel relationships similar to those found in Glengarry Glen Ross. Taking the idea of different members of the real-estate office discussing work and plotting in Glengarry Glen Ross, and applying them to a trio of detectives on a case was interesting to say the least.
Reading newspapers or watching TV at home, at least we find one article or news describing a killing, a shooting, or an armed robbery. With all these problems, we are in fear but cannot avoid hearing and dealing with them. They happen every day and some time justice system blunders and leads to wrongly convict people for what they do not commit. This is reality of wrecked system that is resulted by injustice and corruption. Ultimately, Errol Morris confirms this reality based on a true story of an innocent convicted Randal Adams for a criminal case by creating a film, The Thin Blue Line. David Harris, an important accuser, claims Adams was a murderer and shot Robert Wood, a Dallas police officer. With Morris’ suspicion of Adams’ innocence, he turns himself to be a detective movie director and investigates the criminal case that occurred in Dallas, Texas in 1976. His goal is to show that Adams was wrongly convicted and justice system was flawed. By using juxtaposition and recreations, Morris successfully contrasts Adams and Harris to show that Adams is innocent and Harris is guilty, intensifies distrust of the legality in Adams’ wrong conviction to prove a flawed legal system, and evinces the eye witnesses are discreditable.
The birth of classic detective fiction was originated just in the mid nineteenth century, and was producing its own genre. Classical detective fiction follows a set of rules called the ‘Ten commandments of detective fiction’. The genre is so popular it can bee seen by the number of sales in any good book stores. Many of these books have been created a long time ago and there is still a demand for these types of books. The popularity is still ongoing because it provides constant entertainment, and also the reader can also have a role of detective trying to solve the crime/case committed. Classical detective fiction has a formula, the detective story starts with a seemingly irresolvable mystery, typically a murder, features the astute, often unconventional detective, a wrongly accused suspect to whom the circumstantial evidence points, and concludes with a startling or unexpected solution to the mystery, during which the detective explains how he or she solved the mystery. Formula that includes certain elements such as, a closed location to keep the number of suspects down, red hearings spread around the stories to keep the reader entertained yet interacted.
Gardner, T. J., & Anderson, T. M. (2013). Criminal evidence: Principles and cases (8th ed.).
Detective Burcks had enjoyed a great sense of relief following the conclusion of the case. He and Jesse had been written about extensively in nearly every news outlet in the country, most exaggerated extensively, but this time Burcks didn’t mind. He had just finished reading the most recent piece about Peters in the Tribune when he looked at his watch and concluded that his day was over. He stood up, put on his jacket, and was almost to the door when his phone began to ring. Giving it a moment’s thought, Detective Burcks turned his back to the phone and closed the door, thinking to himself not this time.
In the criminal justice system, the best chance of a fair trial and justice lies within cases that include physical evidence. Physical evidence, whether fibers, fingerprints, or DNA, can give a jury proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Physical evidence can convict a criminal, or it can free an innocent man. It can bring closure to families and to the law enforcement that work the cases. The following cases will show what physical evidence does in a criminal trial and the vast impact it can make. For each case I will examine how the physical evidence was important to the case and whether or not it could have made more of a difference if the presentation of the evidence were different. The five cases are: the Mosley case, the Warren case, the Chandler case, the Frediani case, and the Swift Case.
In the year 2014, law enforcement in the United States estimated 1,165,383 violent crimes reported (“D2014VC”). Imagine the number of people needed get to the bottom of all of those cases! There are an abundant amount of Americans solving mysteries every day to keep others safe. Crimes are committed all around the United States at every second of the day! In John Grisham’s The Pelican Brief, he displays a firm relation between investigators and lawyers through the Criminal Justice System of acquiring suspects and evidence, indicated in the book with an exploration of the scandals of Supreme Court Justices Rosenberg and Jensen (Grisham).
For example, according to a CNN article entitled,” 'Blue-eyed butcher ' sentenced to 20 years,” “A medical examiner testified he was able to count 193 wounds on the body, with the actual number of stab wounds well in excess of that” (Jakobsson, 2010, para. 6). Pictures were also presented to the jury to show the disfigured body. Another piece of evidence leading to the conviction of Susan Wright was the autopsy done that showed drugs in Wright’s system. The author of CNN stated, “They also suggested she may have drugged him with gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, known as the "date-rape drug," low levels of which were found in Jeffrey Wright 's system” (Jakobsson, 2010, paragraph 10). One last conclusive piece of visual evidence was the presence of two of Jeffrey’s ex-girlfriends. “Misty McMichael testified Wright beat her repeatedly during their two-year relationship and tried to control her every move” (Jakobsson, 2010, paragraph 13). McMichael also claimed that Wright had pushed her down the stairs 104 times and at one point even locked her in a room (Jakobsson, 2010, paragraph 14). This evidence was in favor of Susan Wright. The impact of this visual evidence was significant in many ways. Evidence is proof and proof cannot be made up, only misinterpreted. Therefore, the excessive amount of stab wounds found on Wright’s body along with the drugs found in his system was
Hallcox, Jarret. Behind the Yellow Tape: On the Road with Some of America’s Hardest Working Crime Scene Investigators. New York: Berkley Books, 2009.
Trudi Canavan once said, “Better to know the quick pain of truth than the ongoing pain of a long-held false hope.” Life would be much easier if the truth was told first before a lie is put in its place to cover up when in reality it creates a much bigger problem than saying the truth from the start. Dashiell Hammett’s, The Maltese Falcon, is a classic example of detective fiction and pulp magazine. Hammett demonstrates this example using: society, corruption, and criminality in San Francisco in the 1920s, explaining the role of the femme fatale in detective fiction, explaining the concept of fear and betrayal, explaining American men’s disillusionment after WWl, and explaining his, Dashiell Hammett’s, history of detective fiction and pulp magazines.
In the year 2014, law enforcement in the U.S. estimated 1,165,383 violent crimes reported (“D2014VC”). Imagine all the people needed just to get to the bottom of these cases! There is an abundant amount of Americans solving mysteries every day to keep others safe. There are crimes being committed all around the U.S. at every second of the day. In John Grisham’s The Pelican Brief, he displays a firm relation between investigators and lawyers through the Criminal Justice System of acquiring suspects and evidence, indicated in the book with an exploration of the scandals of Supreme Court Justices Rosenberg and Jensen (Grisham).
Tzvetan Todorov views detective fiction as literature that speaks for itself and needs no introduction. According to Todorov, detective fiction should adapt to its new genre instead of going beyond traditional literature (43). Todorov views detective fiction as two separate entities: the crime that establishes the groundwork of the story and the investigation that backtracks the crime in a logical manner. Todorov believes that these stories, “in their purest form,” are completely independent from each other but are essential in the creation of a detective story (43). The purpose of the first story is to learn about the crime in a detached viewpoint where “[the narrative] is absent but real” while the purpose of the second story is to linearly
Reddy, Maureen T. “Women detectives”. The Cambridge Companion to Crime Fiction. Ed. Martin Priestman. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.