Electron affinity is the amount of energy absorbed or released when an electron is added to a neutral atom in its gaseous state. Hence, it is a trend that shows the likelihood of an element to gain an electron in its valence shell. In the periodic table, some elements make bonds only with a group of other elements due to their electron affinities. Iodine and neon are two non-metals that may seem similar, but they react differently in bonds due to their affinity for electrons. To mention, neon is a noble gas and it does not have an affinity for electrons. In comparison, iodine has a greater affinity for electrons than neon due to the following factors: effective nuclear charge, atomic radius, and electronic arrangement.
Firstly, the effective
nuclear charge of elements can represent a crucial role in deciding if it can gain the incoming electron. Iodine has 4 inner shells, considered as shielding/screening shells, in which it has a total of 46 shielding electrons. In neon, there are 2 shells in which the 1 shielding shell contains an amount of 2 shielding electrons. The effective nuclear charge for iodine is 7 whereas neon has a value of 8. This statement proposes that the higher an effective nuclear charge is across the periodic table; it should create a difference in electron affinity. Therefore, neon must release more energy (exothermic reaction) than iodine and eventually lead to a higher electron affinity than iodine. However, neon is mentioned to not have an affinity for electron, so the previous statement does not justify the following factor. Iodine does have an affinity for electrons since the incoming electron would feel some attraction due to the significantly high nuclear charge. The factor of effective nuclear charge does affect the electron affinity for iodine, but creates an incorrect assumption for neon. Furthermore, the electronic arrangement (stability of an atom) can determine the electron affinity of an element. The goal of any element, besides the noble gases, is to become a more stable atom. As we go across a period in the periodic table, the electron affinity increases, as there is an increase of valence electrons, and it makes it easier for non-metals to gain electrons. Therefore, the halogens are considered to have the highest electron affinities compared to any other group. Since iodine is a halogen, it has 7 valence electrons in its 5th shell; it would have an affinity for the incoming electron to complete its valence shell as it can become stable. On the other hand, neon has a complete valence shell and it would not need an electron to fulfill itself. If an electron is to be added in neon, it would need to add an extra shell to place that new electron. Eventually, neon would need to absorb energy (endothermic reaction) to sustain that new electron. If the energy, somehow, disperses, the neon atom would lose that electron and become unstable. Therefore, the electronic arrangement of iodine allows to have a greater affinity for electrons than neon. Finally, the atomic radius can be an important factor in electron affinity for elements. Atomic radius decreases going from left to right in the periodic table, then smaller the distance would be for the incoming electron and nucleus. Iodine has an atomic radius 140 pm(picometres) and neon has an atomic radius of 38 pm. Although, neon has a smaller atomic radius than iodine, it does not attract the electron due to the overruling factor of electronic arrangement. Iodine is considered “larger” in the halogens due to its number of electrons and electron-electron repulsion, but it is still able to maintain that electron through its effective nuclear charge and stability. To conclude, atomic radius of iodine allows for it to draw the electron closer and neon’s atomic radius has no affect due to the overriding factor of stability. In conclusion, effective nuclear charge, atomic radius, and electronic arrangement are contributing factors to why iodine has an electron affinity and why neon has no affinity for electrons.
Should Issei and Nisei have both been relocated during World War II? What arguments were made in favor of relocation and against relocation?
The charge transfer complex was studied from the reaction of iodine with mesitylene in pentane. From the relationship between concentration of iodine over its absorbance and concentration of mesitylene, the equilibrium constant was determined to be 0.4183, and the molar absorptivity to be 1.3780*104 M-1cm-1. Besides, the energy of photon needed to get excited was 369.52 kJ/mol, and the binding energy (W) of the excited state of charge transfer complex was 145.82 kJ/mol which was much larger than expected of only 9 kJ/mol for iodine and
“The buyers of slaves had arrived. The other women and I were striped naked. I bit my lip, determined not to cry. But I couldn’t stop myself from screaming out as her arms were wrenched behind my back and tied,” sorrowfully cried Amari. The character, Amari, from the book Copper Sun by Sharon M. Draper, is 15 years old and was taken away from her homeland along with some members of her African tribe. They are now being taken against their will to different parts of the world to become slaves. Amari meets a strong and independent women, Afi, who keeps Amaris hope strong and increases her will to stay alive.
An atom, by definition, is the smallest part of any substance. The atom has three main components that make it up: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and neutrons are within the nucleus in the center of the atom. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in many orbitals. These orbitals consist of many different shapes, including circular, spiral, and many others. Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged. Protons and electrons both have charge of equal magnitude (i.e. 1.602x10-19 coulombs). Neutrons have a neutral charge, and they, along with protons, are the majority of mass in an atom. Electron mass, though, is negligible. When an atom has a neutral charge, it is stable.
The United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are two different groups, but they affect the world in the same way. They both want to make a difference in today's world, they strive for peace and prosperity, and they work hard to accomplish their goals.
Nuclear energy must be a consideration for the future with the rapidly depleting supply of fossil fuels. This type of energy can be created through nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy atom into two or more parts, releasing huge amounts of energy. The release of energy can be controlled and captured for generating electricity. Nuclear fusion involves bombarding hydrogen atoms together to form helium. In the long run, nuclear fusion has greater potential than fission.
The stories Remembering My Childhood on the Continent of Africa and Self-Discovery and the Danish Way of Life are easily comparable. The narrators of both stories write about a time in which they are experiencing a different culture. They also write about their yearnings for self-discovery through exotic experiences. The viewpoints, however, of each writer are at opposite ends of the spectrum. In Self-Discovery and the Danish Way of Life, the narrator writes about his international experiences while studying abroad in Denmark. On the other hand, in Remembering My Childhood on the Continent of Africa, the narrator never actually visits Africa. Instead, he figuratively visits the continent through the experiences of another person. These stories may appear to be similar because of the comparable aspirations of the narrators. However, they are also different with respect the narrators’ unique viewpoints on life.
Atoms are electrically neutral; the electrons that bear the negative charge are equal in number to the protons in the nucleus
To understand what a radioactive isotope is a basic understanding of the atom is necessary. Atoms are comprised of three subatomic particles : protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons bind together to form the nucleus of the atom, while the electrons surround and orbit the nucleus. Protons and electrons have opposite charges and therefore attract one another (electrons are negative and protons are positive, and opposite charges attract), and in most cases the number of electrons and protons are the same for an atom (making the atom neutral in charge). The neutrons are neutral. Their purpose in the nucleus is to bind protons together. Because the protons all have the same charge and would naturally repel one another, the neutrons act as "glue" to hold the protons tightly together in the nucleus.
• The use of a catalyst will speed up the reaction as long as the catalysts electrode potentials are feasible for each step in the reaction. Since a catalyst lowers the activation energy and takes the reaction through a different route, according to the Maxwell-Boltzmann diagram, at a constant temperature more particles are able to react as demonstrated by the diagrams below:
United States forces and its allies had been at war – ever since Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941 – with Japan America was capable of fighting against Japan with the aid of their land, sea, and air forces, until it was made clear that Japan had authority over their homeland. The Potsdam Declaration, which was issued and signed by President Truman (also signed by Prime Minister Attlee of the United Kingdom, with the agreement of Chiang Kai-Shek, and the President of the National Government of China) on July 26, demanded for Japan’s renunciation and listed peace terms. Japan was warned by the Potsdam Declaration of the penalties of continued resistance. Ten days earlier, Truman had
For thousands of years man has sought to further his understanding of the world in which he lives. This has been accomplished through research and experimentation all in the name of science. These advancements in science have given us a better understanding of our universe by allowing us to look both at the bigger picture and the smaller picture. Research that has led to the discovery of protons and neutrons has allowed us to realize that there is an even smaller particle that makes these infinitely tiny particles; that particle is the quark.
Nuclear energy is generated by a process called fission. Fission occurs within the reactor of a nuclear power plant when a neutron is fired at an atom of uranium causing it to split and release subsequent neutrons.1 These are able to crash into other uranium atoms causing a chain reaction and releasing a great deal of heat energy.
Nitrogen is used by plants in order to synthesize protein peptide bonds and for cell growth. Not only is this nutrient required in the largest quantity by plants, but it is also the most frequently limiting factor when it comes to productivity in crops. Plants cannot use nitrogen in the air and in the soil system it is lost easily. Because of this plants are forced to obtain nitrogen in the form of nitrate and ammonium from the soil. Too much nitrate can cause a negative effect on the plant including nitrate toxicity. High levels of nitrate are not only bad for plants but can also be dangerous to animals or humans in their presence. Here I discuss the scientific evidence of the effects of nitrate accumulation on plants and the environment and argue that too much nitrate accumulation can be harmful to its surroundings.