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With relevant examples discuss how theories inform criminological research
Criminological theory building
Summary of Bowen's family systems theory
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A comparative analysis was performed on the data collected by each case study. Hollway and Jefferson were then able to present empirical evidence that would provide a value added contribution and an improvement in the understanding of fear of crime in the UK. Their evidence determined that regardless of social characteristics and exposure to risk, fear can have a different meaning for each individual. This case study illustrates the elements Corley and Gioia (2011) identified as essential to constructing a theory or theory building. Stam (2010) begins to illustrate theory as a systematic representation as described in mathematical terms where ever possible. It is articulated in this article that one of those components which impact …show more content…
We begin where Corley and Gioia (2011), Harlow (2009) and Stam (2010) do when it comes to the concept of constructing a theory and that is to accept that there is not one universal meaning but there are elements of theory building that cannot be deprived during this process. These fundamental features, as identified in the articles, start with a literature review which engages its reader with the existing theoretical explanations. For Bowen this was the Psychoanalytic theory that had been formulated for the individual. From the theoretical concept the focus was on the patient. However, there began to be a dilemma when the cause of the patient’s illness was identified as the most important person in the patient’s life. This prompted the need for an alternate treatment model and so began the most significant developments of the family movement. The theory began to move forward as psychoanalytic practice progressed a previous concepts challenged. Bowen’s concept of FST arises out a variance of some of the theoretical and therapeutic issues of the family movement. Another central characteristic of theory building is that there exists a phenomenon with variables that need testing and exploration. For Bowen’s research, he identified emotional illness in the family as a phenomenon. It is utilitarian grew out of an effort to treat the more severe emotional problems. He structured his theory to produce the least amount of debate so as to advance the research as much as possible. Bowen’s, the family theory has a central concept termed, “undifferentiated family ego mass”. He was more utilitarian then accurate in his choice of words but deliberate in his delivery in an attempt to make it more appeasing so that more may be open to hearing the concept. By his cautious choice of words he provides essential parts of the concept and a different point
For Bowen, the family is the unit of observation and the emphasis is put on emotional forces that are common to all families, this helps to reduce the significance of which family member is causing the problem. Bowens approach to change is understood within the context of striving to understand life’s forces, the very principal that gives coherence to Bowens approach to therapy. (Friedman, 1991). When attempting to achieve change within a client the source of the issue is less important, but rather trying to locate the systematic forces within a family as well as those that are transmitted from generation...
...s Processes For Psychoanalytic Theory.” Psychoanalytic Review 100.6 (2013: 881-917. Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 April 2014.
Smith, S. R., & Hamon, R. R., (2012). Exploring family theories. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
However, his work has been very influential in both the policy making process and criminological theories both in Britain and around the western world. Merton’s theory does not explain all crime but it has great merit in the ones he attempts to explain. --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Merton. R-(1968) Social Theory and Social Structure.
The Bowens Therapy can be used for individuals, families and couples here that they talk through and not to their partner, with its long-term therapeutic approach. By learning how to gain the ability, to separate their feelings, and thoughts both internally and externally is the main focus of this therapy. Bowen therapy is complete when the family members are about to achieve their level of differentiation (M.U.S.E).
Furthermore, “the central premise of this theory is that one must resolve all emotional issues with the family of origin, rather than reject reactively or accept passively that family, before one can become a mature and healthy individual” (Charles, 2001, p. 280). Bowen believed that the change in the self occurred through the change in relationships with others, so he encouraged the client to reconnect with the nuclear family members and resolve all emotional issues with them. This is because Bowen believed that unresolved conflicts with the family of origin would catch up with the client and affect his or her present relationships. Also, conflicts do not exist in the person, but in the family system. The necessary changes must take place in the self as well as in the larger system.
The first theory Psychodynamic theory presented by Sigmund Freud, is based on how a person’s self-awareness and understanding of the past on present behavior. Psychody...
In the first part of this paper I shall summarise the concepts of Psychoanalysis and Behaviour theories, as in my view theory in itself is an argument for a concept. Theory is a collection of propositions to illustrate principles of a subject (Oxford Dictionary, 1976). Secondly this paper explores similarities concerning the theories, eventually leading to a conclusion concerning their significance in today's therapeutic arena.
Families make us who we are. From our families we learn communication skills, emotions and how to form relationships. Murray Bowen developed the Bowen family systems theory. The Bowen family systems theory provides the opportunity to learn about complex family relationships and emotional relationships. The Bowen family systems theory can be integrated with religion and spirituality. Everyone can relate the Bowen family systems theory. I can integrate my personal experiences with concepts from the Bowen family systems theory.
In the industrial age before World War II, when individual psychotherapy was born and thrived, human beings were essentially seen as machines, with broken parts—including the mind—that could be repaired; after World War II, the dawning information technology age brought a paradigm shift in the view of human life from mechanical to relational, and communication and systems theories provided family therapy with increased validity and prominence. (White, 2009, pp. 200-201). The modern family systems theories that grew out of this paradigm viewed families narrowly as functional or dysfunctional according to the delineation of each theory. Today, postmodern theory suggests that no absolute truth governs individuals or families; instead, people are
Barry, Peter. "Psychoanalytic criticism." Beginning Theory: an Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. 3rd ed. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2009. 92-115. Print.
Murray Bowen developed family systems theory. This transgenerational model looks at how a family’s history informs their present functioning. Today it is a prominent model used by today’s family and marriage mental health professionals. Derived from psychoanalytic thinking and sometimes called natural systems theory, it posits that families are living and evolving systems shaped by chronic anxiety transmitted through its generations. Anxiety is aroused when individuals attempt to balance their individual identity with being a part of a family. This balancing act inevitably causes anxiety, triggering biological coping responses instead of healthy cognition and reasoning (Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2012). Erford
‘In its social and behavioural impact fear of crime may be as potent as victimisation itself’ (Cater and Jones, 1989: 104) relates to the geography of crime, best defined as ‘the relevance of space to the study of criminal offenders, the incidence of crime and the characteristics of victims’ (Smith, 1989). In terms of explaining Cater and Jones’ statement, it means that it is not so much peoples ‘actual’ experience of crime that makes them fear it but the possibility and anxiety they could be a victim rather than have been a victim – the indirect perspective of fear of crime. In today’s society people tailor routes they take avoiding times and places deemed as dangerous and unsafe. This increases anxiety levels as Smith, (1986) says it exposes people to ‘emotional’ stress and constricts their movements. It is argued the elderly and youngest members of our society are the most fearful of crime however, of these age groups the elderly have the lowest risk of becoming victims of crime (James, 1992). Cater and Jones (1989) suggest how in certain respects ‘fear of crime’ is irrational with research by Hough and Mayhew (1983) conclude that fear of crime is not...
In today’s society there is a high fear of crime by society. Society actions show that there is anxiety and fear about crime. Therefore, anxiety and fear about crime has placid our cities and communities. Society express fear of being victimized by crimes, criminal activities, and behaviors. Therefore, according to, (Crime, 1999) states that “ the level of fear that a person holds depends on many factors, including but, not limited to: “ gender, age, any past experiences with crime that a person may have, where one lives, and one’s ethnicity.” All of those factors have a huge impact on one’s fear level.
Each family unit exhibits concepts and themes found within Bowen’s Family System Theory. In my family unit, I see the following concepts and themes from a family system theory perspective exhibited through my genogram; boundaries, levels of differentiation, family projection process, and emotional cutoff. Each of these will be expanded on further below: