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On the Influence of The Bible upon English Literature
Fate versus free will literature
Fate in literature
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England’s main religion was Pagan from 449 A.D. until 597 A.D. However, in 597 A.D., St. Augustine and his followers converted the Englanders to Christianity, or they tried to. Pagan beliefs and Christianity beliefs were exceedingly different. Pagan beliefs revolved around the idea that people’s lives were controlled by Fate. The Anglo-Saxons believed that people were weak when they would walk away from a fight or felt cowardly. “Heroes and heroines often could not leave a situation with honor because they could only choose between two evils. This usually meant that they could either succumb to their fate and show no valor, or try to resist it with violence, which probably ended in one’s death” (Klees). However, Christians believed in …show more content…
However, throughout the poem, there were numerous instances where the speaker also mentioned Fate, which reveals how torn people were on the subject. The beginning of the poem shows how he is desperate to get back to the sea. However, the poem quickly changes pace and focuses on the Christian faith. The speaker sounds like he is preaching a sermon because he was encouraging people to obey the Lord. He mentions how wealth makes no difference once one is in heaven and he makes it seem like he is a devoted Christian. However, the speaker then brings up the concept of Fate numerous times throughout the poem. “‘The poem is a direct reflection of the speaker’s own uncertainty and conflict’” (Klees). The speaker seems to understand the Christian religion because he makes many references to it throughout the poem and makes connections to the actual story; this is, however wrong. Throughout the story, he intertwines the beliefs of Christians with the Pagan beliefs. The speaker mixes up the concept of Fate with the Christian idea of free will. This shows how people had trouble trying to escape the former Anglo-Saxon …show more content…
This truly reflected the conflicting beliefs the Anglo-Saxon people were feeling at the time. In line 41 of the Seafarer, it says, “Grown so brave, or so graced by God.” However, in line 43 the poem says, “Wondering what Fate has willed and will do.” One can see that these are two very different things, but they were used in the same context. In line 64 to 80 are the lines in which many different concepts are thrown out at once. Again, line 64 and 65 mentions, “Thus the joys of God Are fervent with life.” However, line 69 and 70 says, “Certain which of Fate’s three threats Would fall.” Some stanzas with these examples seem to be written to where anyone can interpret it in any way he or she may want to. This stanza was written to where anyone can interpret it in any way they want
the walls God has set in our fate believes the sailor and in this poem he doesn’t exactly that to
First of all, let us be clear about the fact that the conversion of Britain to Christianity began quite early. The Catholic priest Venerable Bede, born in Bernicia, Northumbria, around 673, states in Bk 1, Ch 4 of his Ecclesiastical History of the English People that while Eleutherius was Bishop of Rome (175-189AD), a king of Britain named Lucius requested of the Pope that the king be baptized a Catholic by papal decree:
is a human attribute that will apply to any time period anywhere. In the incident with Unferth, for example: "angry that anyone in Denmark or anywhere on earth had ever acquired glory and fame greater than his own"(236-238) tries to belittle Beowulf’s claims to bravery, and, by doing so, adds realistic qualities to his character. Belief Divine or supernatural notions are also tendencies of human nature. The poem reflects this ageless concern through references to "that Shepherd of Evil" (432) and "[sacrifices] to the old stone gods" (90). These are both conflicting allusions to the two prominent religions of the time. One pertains to Christian ideology; i.e. "The Almighty God" (493), and "the Almighty making the earth" (8), and the other relates to Anglo Saxon religious beliefs; i.e., "the omens were good" (118) and "fate will unwind as it must," (189). The poem alludes to Christianity, a monotheistic religion that rejects ideas of fate.
The battle between fate and free will produces a lopsided victory by fate in Beowulf. A continuous reference is directed to fate by context as well as in elements of theme, plot, and character. The most prominent relation to fate is seen with Beowulf. From his early adventures as a warrior to his later rule as king, fate strongly influences Beowulf's beliefs and courage. He attributes the successful outcomes of his many fights and struggles to the reasons of fate. The lives and outcomes of Beowulf and his enemies are obvious examples of the Beowulf poet showing that God has the power to control everything, resulting in predetermined fate. "Fate goes ever as fate must."(Line 455)*
... view was "an eye for an eye," if a man kills your kinsmen you exact revenge. On the contrary, the Christian view was more like as Mohandas Gandhi said "An eye for eye only ends up making the whole world blind." Christians believed God would inevitability do what is right and would rather turn the other cheek then have it result in more blood and murder. Throughout the poem, the poet strives to accommodate these two sets of values. Though he is Christian, he cannot negate the fundamental pagan values of the narrative story.
The Seafarer highlites the transience of wordly joys which are so little important and the fact thet we have no power in comparison to God.
The belief in fate for the Anglo-Saxon’s is everything to them. For example, when Beowulf is about to fight Grendel: “fate intended him to gnaw the bones of his last human supper”(295). So Grendel’s fate has already been determined that he was going to lose and die to Beowulf. Also, this is a biblical allusion referring to Jesus’s last supper indicating that Grendel will perish because it was already decided for him that fate was not on Grendel’s side anymore but on Beowulf’s. For the Anglo-Saxons their belief in fate was one of the most important traits of their culture. When Beowulf is fighting the dragon he can tell that fate has switched its loyalty. For example, in the epic poem Beowulf’s shield fails him from the start which is indicating slightly that fate is no longer on his side; best said by Renee Yewdaev: “A great warrior can fight his best but if fate is not on his side that day, then he will lose.” (Beowulf). With this being said no matter how good of a fighter you are will not matter if fate is not on your side. As seen in the epic poem, when Beowulf’s shield fails completely allowing the dragon to strike and inflict Beowulf with poison; thus ending his life. However, looking back before Beowulf was slain he would fight as if it were his last. As Anglo-Saxon view fate the same way as specified by Rene Yewdaev:”After all, if a man has not already been predetermined to die, the his
Nature is the force in this poem that has power to decide what is right or wrong and how to deal with the actions. The mariner reconciles his sins when he realizes what nature really is and what it means to him. All around his ship, he witnesses, "slimy things did crawl with legs upon the slimy sea" and he questions "the curse in the Dead man's eyes". This shows his contempt for the creatures that Nature provides for all people.
With the creation of the Christian religion followers of it obtained peace and tried their best to avoid the impurities of the world, interestingly enough, these “worldly” impurities consume the religion that is Paganism, which Christianity is heavily based off of. As time has progressed mankind has always searched for their purpose. Religion is often used to help one discover their ultimate purpose and give them guidelines to live a pure life by that may be amorphous without spiritual guidance. The religious fundamentals in Christianity help its believers to fathom why they are on this Earth and what their greater purpose is. Unknowingly, they develop their character through this religion without knowing that it is heavily stemmed from Paganism! Many practices, cultural elements, and habits in Paganism are strongly seen as ignoble by a majority of the modern Christians. A supreme amount of the text in the Seamus Heaney’s translation of Beowulf help to entirely clarify the religious transitions that have occurred between both Paganism and Christianity. Throughout the ages, human beings used a religious power to help them evaluate their lives and wellbeing, specifically Paganism, Christianity; the transition from paganism to Christianity illustrates how much religion effects one’s life.
As the ancient Mariner described his adventures at sea to the Wedding-Guest, the Guest became saddened because he identified his own selfish ways with those of the Mariner. The mariner told the Guest that he and his ship-mates were lucky because at the beginning of their voyage they had good weather. The mariner only saw what was on the surface -- he did not see the good weather as evidence that Someone was guiding them. Also, when he shot the Albatross, the Mariner did not have any reason for doing so. The Albatross did nothing wrong, yet the Mariner thought nothing of it and without thinking of the significance of the act, he killed the bird. At this, the Guest was reminded of how self-absorbed he, too, was, and the sinful nature of man. At the beginning of the poem he was very much intent on arriving at the wedding on time. He did not care at all about what it was that the Mariner had to tell him; he did not want to be detained even if the Mariner was in trouble. Instead, he spoke rudely to the mariner, calling him a "gray-beard loon", and tried to go on his own way.
“And sorry I could not travel both” (2), the speaker is coming to a decision. In everyone’s life, they must make a decision to follow God or not to follow God. In this poem, the speaker has to make this choice. He tries to look down both roads as far as he can to see the choices that might result from taking either path. “Yet knowing how way leads on to way” (14), he knows that this decision is not temporary. He knows that once he chooses a path, he “doubted if I should ever come back” (15[VR1] ).
...ous allegory represents Christian ideals such as sin, forgiveness, and prayer. In addition, Coleridge’s use of language and form contribute to the message conveyed in the text. The form fluctuates throughout the text by use of different rhyme schemes, loose meter, and stanzas in length varying four to nine lines. The variety of form could be representative the array of interpretations of this text. Coleridge conveys profound religious meaning by using symbolic language with interpretive representations. Although his use of elevated language possibly narrowed the audience, that could have been his intentions due to the complexities of this philosophical poem. In the end, Coleridge’s depiction of the Mariner’s journey ultimately conveys the Christian ideal, which is to love and appreciate all creatures created by God, whether Albatross or snake.
Before the year 596, almost everybody had strong pagan beliefs. In 596 missionaries had begun to attempt to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. By the year 650, almost all of England had converted to Christianity- at least in name. Although almost everyone claimed to be strong believers in Christ and the church, most still held on to their pagan beliefs and traditions. No matter what they believed, everyone applied their religious beliefs to their everyday life. (Chin et al. Glencoe Literature, p.35).
The second stanza is in sonnet form, and develops the poem further by introducing a sphinx-like creature. This creature is akin to an anti-Christ of sorts, and a play on the Christian prophecy that the poem is named after. The metaphorical meaning of this creature is encased in modernism ambiguity, modernism being an unconventional literary style, with open-ended symbolism and messages. And thus, reader’s have yet to unanimously agree on an interpretation. However, I and several others, interpret it as the physical embodiment of the products of a conflicted post-WWI environment. Since the environment in the first stanza is volatile, and of it may arise a wretched and vile place that would envelope violence, and death. Violence and death that may derive from malicious intent and the scuffle of control from various states. And overall, makes for a frightening reality. Under this sentiment the logic becomes clear as to why readers commonly interpret the second stanza as an inadvertent prophecy of
It is the duty of the sea to act as a navigation system, so humanity is always going in the right direction. It also acts as a way for us to get the water we need to survive, to catch the food man needs for nourishment, and provide cleanliness, which is equal to godliness. This stanza portrays water as a friend, that guides us in the right direction, and a parent that provides us with everything needed to survive and be prosperous. This once again strikes home the point that the world is an extension of God, created to bring mankind ultimate pleasure - the water that He created acts as a willing servant, and parental figure, such as God is usually