Literature review is carried on by using California Health Surveys and other research articles were chosen regarding disparities in colon cancer screening among Asian Americans. These articles were obtained by using literature search engines such as PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, Health Policy reference center, EBSCO and others. Key words used for searching articles were colorectal cancer, colon cancer, Asian, Asian American, South Asians, screening, etc. Articles with relevant studies were derived from these databases and only full papers published in English were included. Cancer statistics were retrieved from the World Health Statistics of the World Health Organizations database, California Cancer Registry data, and Center of Disease control and …show more content…
prevention database. Some of the articles were related to particular communities in Asian Americans such as South Asians. Some studies focused mainly on the barriers or facilitators of colo-rectal screening whereas some made comparison between Asian Americans and non-Hispanic Whites. These articles were reviewed and results were drawn out of them. Selection of articles were carried on basis of colorectal cancer as a health disparity with social determinants such as race, lack of screening, immigration and acculturation. Studies on Colorectal Cancer Screening among Asian Americans. Most of the studies were carried out in association with California Health Survey (CHIS).Most commonly used survey was the CHIS 2001 was a population based phone survey that was carried out in California.
Asian Americans age 50 years and older from Chinese, Filipino, South Asian, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese ethnic groups were interviewed and then analysed.The two CRC screening results were obtained from the people who ever had undergone CRC screening and people those where new for CRC screening. For CRC screening, fecal occult blood test (FOBT), sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy were analyzed. CRC screening of any sort was low in Asian population, with Koreans having the most minimal rate of 49%. The authors carried out multivariate analysis which discovered that, related with non-Latino whites, Koreans were less likely to undergo FOBT (with odds ratio =0.40 with 95% confidence interval l=0.25– 0.62), and Filipinos had minimal chances of undergoing sigmoidoscopy ad colonoscopy (odds ratio= 0.62 and 95% confidence interval=0.44 – 0.88) or to be up to date with screening (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48 – 0.97). Older Asian Americans were more averse to experience screening especially if they are male, uneducated, recent immigrants, poor or without insurance. Koreans and Filipinos, are under-screened for CRC. By using CHIS as the foundation most of the studies were carried on using small sample in various areas of United States. Cancer 2005; 104(12 Suppl):2940 –7. © 2005 American
Cancer Society. With the help of CHIS following studies were conducted on a small scale in various areas of U.S. Studies mostly constitutes survey including interviews and these interviews were analyzed and interpreted using various analytical software and outcomes were drawn from them.
Cancer is one of the 9 National Health Priority Areas (NHPA), areas which account for a significant portion of the burden of disease, but have sizeable potential for improvement. In Australia, CRC is the second most common cancer, after prostate (in men) and breast cancer (in women) (AIHW, Cancer incidence projections). The incidence has gradually increased (by 13% in males from 1982-2007) (AIHW, Cancer in Australia an overview). This is compounded by the ageing population and population growth, with 14,860 new cases in 2010 (http://www.cancer.org.au/about-cancer/types-of-cancer/bowel-cancer). This graph demonstrates this upward trend ((AIHW, Cancer incidence projections):
Over 200,000 Americans suffer from Crohn’s, according to Dr. Richard Curtis, chief of gastroenterology at Newton-Wellesley Hospital. Though the disease does not target a specific age group, certain risk factors do exist. People who have a genetic predisposition to it are more likely to develop Crohn’s, said Dr. Curtis. For example, people who have a close relative with Crohn’s have a 20 percent chance of being diagnosed with it themselves. Crohn’s is more common in Jews than in non-Jews; it is most common in Ashkenazic Jews than any other group.
Colorectal cancer, or CRC, affects African American men and women more than Caucasians, at a rate 20% higher. This is concerning when faced with the mortality rates among African Americans, 28% higher for women and 14% higher for men than for Whites. African Americans are also more likely to be in later stages of the disease when diagnosed. There is a need to study and evaluate why these factors exist, as proper screening and early diagnosis can severely impact survival rates for CRC. One study attempts to find the solution through testing, however, this study slightly discredits itself along the way.
People can lower their risk of developing colorectal cancer by managing the risk factors that they can control, such as diet and physical activity. It is important to eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods and to limit intake of high-fat foods. Physical activity is another area that people can control. Even small amounts of exercise on a regular basis can be helpful, at least 30 minutes of physical activity on most days. Also, achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.
According to Penner et al. (2013), there are various causes of healthcare disparities, such as socioeconomic status; this results to poor healthcare services for people with low socioeconomic status, as people with low pay find it difficult to leave their work to seek healthcare help, or to afford healthcare insurance (p.4). The second cause is language proficiency. The language barriers faced by the immigrant plays a role in the healthcare disparities among the racial or ethnic minority patients. Another cause is health literacy. The levels of the health literacy among the foreign born individuals can be influenced by their higher level of distrust of the healthcare providers and healthcare system than they have towards Caucasian people. This, in turn, leads them to seek healthcare information less often than their Caucasian counterparts, thus hindering the provision of quality services, as well as limiting the foreign patients’ ability to manage their health conditions effectively. The foreigners’ failure to easily accept the information provided to them by healthcare providers puts them at risk. Disentangling the role of health literacy in racial healthcare disparities from the effects of racial attitudes and beliefs is often hard (Penner et al,
"Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health." Public Health Reports. July/August 1998: 372 EBSCOhost. Available <http://www.epnet.com/ehost/login.html>. (11 February 1999)
Hispanic or Latino are statistically proven to be one of the nation’s largest and fastest growing minority in the United States, and they rank about 15 percent of the U.S. population which is expected to double almost to 29 percent by 2050 if current demographic trends continue (Livingston, et al., 2008). Before analyzing the Hispanic health status, demographic factors should take into consideration because the structure of populations, such as inadequate, unhealthy housing and living areas with poor air quality, can determine their health conditions. More so, they have the lower prevalence in many chronic health conditions than the U.S. adult population, but higher prevalence in diabetes and obesity than the non-Hispanic wh...
Zenka, D. (2012, October 05). African Americans: At Higher Risk for Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF). Retrieved May 25, 2016
Health disparity is one of the major concerns in the provision of quality care and access to healthcare which directly the life expectancy of the nation as about ethnicity and race. However, describing the health outcomes or status of an ethnic group in the population would help in a better evaluation of the disparities that occur within minority groups in our society. “Racial/ethnic disparities in health and quality of and access to health care are a well-documented and persistent problem. Across many indicators of health, access to care, and health care quality, racial/ethnic minorities fare worse than whites, and each population faces specific challenges”(James et al., 2017, p. 1).
For these reasons, minorities often put off the expense of seeing a doctor until they have advanced disease and are past being easily treated. A lack of education, rural or inner city residence, unemployment, and low literacy rate may also contribute to higher cancer mortality rates for some communities. In several studies researchers investigates whether socioeconomic status is the reason for the disparity in prostate cancer incidence, where African Americans and Non- Hispanic Whites are the top two candidates for prostate cancer. Some results found that the highest level of cancer incidence was positively correlated with low socioeconomic status (Cheng, et al.,
Health Promotion Among the Hispanic Minority Health is determined in the nation by the minority health. "Approximately 36 percent of the population belongs to a racial or ethnic minority group" (CDC, 2015).One of these are the "Hispanics or Latinos are the largest racial/ethnic minority population in the United States" (CDC, 2015). "About 1 in 6 people living in the US are Hispanic" (CDC, 2015). Therefore, this student will make the comparison between the status of the health of Hispanic minority and the nations ,barriers of health behavior This paper will compare the health status of the Hispanic minority with the nations, barriers to health seeking behaviors, and methods of promoting health among this population. Status of Health Among Hispanic Minority "Heart disease and cancer in Hispanics are the two leading causes of death, accounting for about 2 of 5 deaths, which is about the same for whites" (CDC, 2015). "Hispanics have more deaths from diabetes and chronic liver disease than whites, and similar numbers of deaths from kidney disease" (CDC, 2015). Even though the percentage of Hispanics suffering from high blood pressure are17% in comparison to 20% of whites. Hispanics are 68% that suffered poorly controlled high blood pressure compare to whites which are 54%. Even though Health risks may vary among Hispanic subgroup and whether they are US born or not. Lower death rate is suffered by the Hispanic than whites .But Hispanic has about 50% higher death rate from diabetes. Many deaths may be prevented within the Hispanic population with an increase in education and health screening . Barriers to Health Promotion in the Hispanic Minority "Social factors may play a major role in Hispanic health" (CDC, 2015). According to the art...
Colorectal cancer is considered to be a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. It accounts for over 9% of all cancer incidences; this makes it the third most common cancer cause with nearly 1.4 million new cases diagnosed in a year (WCRF, 2012) and the fourth most common cause of death (WHO, 2002). Both men and women are affected almost equally for colorectal cancer; 9.4% in men and 10.1% in women from all incident of cancer. However, it has a clear geographical variation which is not uniformly distributed throughout the world. It has been estimated that, the developed countries with a western culture accounts for over 63% of all colorectal cancer cases (Fatima AH, 2009). Though data available to show the clear situation in developing countries, growing evidences show that the problem would be also a concern for the low and middle income countries. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) was estimate that in 2008 colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 5th most common cancer in SSA (Ferlay J, 2010 and Alice G et.al, 2012)
Wardle & Pope (1992) claimed that evaluating the benefits of health screening can be very difficult. This is primarily due to the fact that premature death from chronic diseases, fore example breast and cervical cancer is comparatively rare and consequently very large sam...
Improving population health necessitates a variety of the contributions from health entities. These health entities can be state, local governments, hospitals, health centers, and community organizations. Unfortunately, these contributions and services are not equally distributed throughout the population. Lack of a supermarket in a neighborhood limits residents’ access to healthy food and other resources. Furthermore, ethnic minority and/or low-income communities are burdened with several health disparities such as greater risk for diseases, or limited access to healthcare services (Jackson, 2014). The National Cancer Institute reported that individuals from medically underserved population are more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage diseases because they have inadequate resources to education, or health insurance. When an individual does not have adequate access to healthcare services, healthy disparity grows larger in the overall health of a
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of mortality and medical expense in men age forty and above. However, it has only recently become a topic of conversation to men in America (Plowden, 2009). African-American men are affected by prostate cancer at a disproportionate level over all other men. They are diagnosed up to 65% more frequently and the mortality rate is twice that of their Caucasian counterparts (Emerson, 2009). So why is the African-American male less likely to take advantage of prostate cancer screenings even when it is free (Oliver, 2007)?