In this semester, we are learn a lot of knowledge about ourselves, start from an infant to early adulthood. We know that, some of our behavior are development since we are infants such as intimacy with others. Other than that, we learned that most of our emotional development are more likely same as stated in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development stages. In this report, we are using Bandura Social Learning Theory, Treisman’s Filter Model of attention, and information processing theory to explain the cognitive development in our group member and using Erik Erikson’s intimacy versus isolation theory to discuss the emotional development in relation with friendship and family. We would like to relate her diary to cognitive development. On 30/3/2014, the diary is about how she learned new knowledge and skill which is how to use fire extinguisher. According to Bandura social learning theory, a person behavior is influencing by the interacting with environment through the process of observational learning (McLeod, 2011). This mean that an observational learning process can be carry out when a person put another person as modeling and imitated the person’s behavior. In her diary, stated that she learned how to use a fire extinguisher by observing how the fireman do it. She put fireman as her modeling and imitated how he did when she try to do it. She observe how the fireman how use the fire extinguisher and use it before she do it. She have self-efficacy and confident when using fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. According to Schunk (1985), when a person learning or performing a task, he or she will involve himself or herself when they have high self-efficacy. During the demonstration of extinguishing fire, she involve herself b... ... middle of paper ... ...r and they willing to help her when she is in trouble. For example, she willing to satisfice her time to celebrate her friend’s birthday until late of the night. According to Papalia (2009), this relationship known as fictive kin. Fictive kin used to describe individuals that is not related by birth or marital statuses but have a significant emotional connection with that other individual and it would develop the characteristics of a family relationship. Conclusion In conclusion, every one of the group member are having a lot of improvement in cognitive and emotional development. This assignment has let us know more understand about ourselves. We know what cause our current behavior and how to explain it with the theory we learn. Besides that, by knowing ourselves more, we can increase and development our cognitive and emotional in more effective and efficient way.
Erick Erickson developmental theory is one of the most influential theories in human development. His stages of development elaborate on ambiguous developmental period in which he characterizes conflict of Intimacy vs. Isolation in young adult, Generativity vs Stagnation in middle adulthood and Integrity vs. Despair in late adulthood (Schwartz, 2001). Erickson’s developmental stages theory paves the way for in-depth research on social developmental changes that occurred from young adulthood (18-25), middle adulthood (26-39), to late adulthood (40-67). In his developmental research on social relationships, Berndt (2002) found that friendships vary in term of quality, stability, intimacy and number. These changes are link to socioemotional selectivity theory, which explains how across the lifespan, individuals gradually interact with fewer people as they deliberately withdraw from social contact in peripheral relationship, while maintaining or increasing involvement in relationships with
Cognitive development is the study of the ability to think and understand. It is a field of neur...
During middle-to-late childhood, growth and development begins to slow down a bit. However, while the development may not be as rapid as it may have been in previous stages, it is more consistent and steady. The development that occurs during this stage begins to incorporate the skills learned in previous years, and the skills gained during this time are more applicable to real world situations. Cognitive development, intellectual development, and disabilities are key aspects to consider during this time.
In the biography “A Childhood”, Crews explained his life story on how he grew up without a father. Crews often wondered if his life would have been different had his father played a role in his life. Although Crews did not know his father, many individuals often told him stories about his father. In Crews’ biography “A Childhood”, it shows how the absences of a father can affect one’s attitude and outcome in life.
Parents play a crucial role in how a child develops and behaves later in life. Children do not choose to develop in a certain way and their behavior is, most certainly, a result of the emotional attachments with their caregivers. Our physical and mental development, along with the social behavior exhibited throughout the entire lifespan, are greatly influenced by the bonds we establish with our caregivers during infancy. Numerous scholars studied the connection between these bonds, but the theory that gained most support and popularity came from the ethologist approach. According to the ethological perspective on human development, infants are inclined to form emotional bonds with their caregivers as a result of their genetic endowment.
Piaget believed that language development is associated with cognitive development or one’s own thought processes. Children ages 2-7 years old classify in Piaget’s preoperational cognitive stage. In this stage children use their well-developed ability to symbolize events or objects that are absent. Although children can represent the absent objects, they do not permit the child to think about the reversible cost of actions. According to Piaget, comprehending at this stage is based on appearances rather than main beliefs (Gray, 1991). For instance, one child playing with a ball of play dough may say they have less than the child playing with a flat piece of play dough simply because it is shaped differently. Also during the preoperational stage children are able to expand their vocabulary from 3,000 words to 8,000 words. Their sentences grow in length and complexity. They commonly use grammatically correct sentences and learn the basics of writing and reading (Cooter & Reutzel, 2008).
How does an infant develop into an adult? The answer is not as obvious as it seems. There are a variety of factors that contribute to human development. A person not only grows physically but also cognitively and socio-emotionally. This paper will explain two theories; one cognitive and one socio-emotional; about human development. The two theories will be described, compared, contrasted and individually evaluated based on the strong points and limitations.
There are few fields within the child development science. One of them is represented by the psychoanalytical theory, which looks at the child emotional development within the context of social interaction and early attachments. This framework is called psychosocial as it looks on the emotional and social aspects. Running in parallel and influencing each other there are two more main areas, cognitive and physical. Although I am focusing on the aspects of the psychosocial development, it is important to remember that all these areas are being affected one by the other, where the development of the emotional skills plays central role in a regular development of cognitive and physical skills.
Vygotsky (1978, p. 90) sustained "learning is a necessary and universal aspect of the process of developing culturally organized, specifically human, psychological functions. “ What this mean is that learning is the process that contributes to the development of higher order thinking. According to his view, learning moves from an initial state based on guided learning, to a later independent learning, by going through the Zone of Proximal Development. He described this concept as “ the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers” (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86). In other words, it is the distance between what a child is capable to do alone and what he/she could do with the direction of an adult. He coined this term in the 20th century to describe the right spot where instruction should take place. Firstly, this essay will present a fully description of the ZPD in order to understand Vygotsky's point of view. Secondly, it will explain its important role in cognitive development, by analyzing the processes of scaffolding. Finally, a critical overview will be made in order to discuss what are the weaknesses of the ZPD.
A person grows and develops continually over their lifespan. Cognitive development is the growth and transformation in intellectual processes involved in thinking, reasoning and understanding, whereas social development is gaining knowledge and learning skills to interact with others in a positive manner. Theorists have diverse views of how children between the ages 2-5 learn throughout this early childhood stage nonetheless most agree that children with normative cognitive and social development will have strong foundations for transition to the next stage. Nurses must have a deep knowledge of a child’s developmental stage to provide the best age appropriate holistic care possible. This discussion explores predictable cognitive and social
Comparing the Two Theories of Cognitive Development There are three main types of cognitive development. There is Piaget's theory, Vygotsky's theory and the Information processing approach. The two theories that I am going to compare and contrast are Piaget and Vygotsky's theories. There are many differences between these two theories, but there are also many similarities too.
In each person's life much of the joy and sorrow revolves around attachments or affectionate relationships -- making them, breaking them, preparing for them, and adjusting to their loss by death. Among all of these bonds as a special bond -- the type a mother or father forms with his or her newborn infant. Bonding does not refer to mutual affection between a baby and an adult, but to the phenomenon whereby adults become committed by a one-way flow of concern and affection to children for whom they have cared during the first months and years of life. According to J. Robertson in his book, A Baby in the Family Loving and being Loved, individuals may have from three hundred to four hundred acquaintances in there lifetimes, but at any one time there are only a small number of persons to whom they are closely attached. He explains that much of the richness and beauty of life is derived from these close relationships which each person has with a small number of individuals -- mother, father, brother, sister, husband, wife, son, daughter, and a small cadre of close friends (Robertson 1).
Besides looking at the influence that close friendship has on the cognitive development in childhood, another factor that was focused upon is the emotion component. Past research has shown that having friends help to buffer negative repercussion from peer rejections as it provides a positive emotional function (Estell, et al., 2009). The importance of close friendship in childhood is illustrated by a finding of 18 years of longitudinal study, which reported people who had no close friends during childhood are prone to have psychological predicament where they demonstrate symptoms of internalizing or externalizing (Sakyi, Surkan, Fombonne, Chollet & Melchior, 2015). In close friendship, there are differences between gender. This can be seen in a research that indicated that among close friendship between girls and boys, girls have the tendency to be more affectionate in sharing their personal details as compared to boys who are more prone engaging in physical activities (Beazidou & Botsoglou, 2016). This is supported by the information that girls are more inclined to show affinity while boys are more prone to show power (Rabaglietti, Vacirca, Zucchetti & Ciairano,
...interact with their caregivers and through interaction not only their cognitive abilities are shaped by also their personality and behaviour in later stage of their life (Triandis & Suh, 2002). The essay is considering the background that social relation flourishes, namely interaction child – adult and peer relations. Through their early experiences with others, children develop their understanding of the world. By simple activities that are carried out on daily basis between children and caregivers, children are able to gain the meaning of new techniques and learning strategies, they expand their existing knowledge and experience new things. The interesting aspect is to elaborate on social interaction within different groups of children. Although the cognitive abilities may not fully develop in every child, social interaction encourages and prompts the progress.
This research paper explains what developmental psychology is, how it is applicable and understand how it applies in the life. For this reason, the benefits of developmental psychology obtain the knowledge of human development. In addition, human development acquires several changes and processes in our bodies that will be known even through the years. Also, a developer persists that apart the life and how humans may become indifference aspects of human evolutionary development. Then, human development produces the different stages of various changes depending on a character.