In this semester, we are learn a lot of knowledge about ourselves, start from an infant to early adulthood. We know that, some of our behavior are development since we are infants such as intimacy with others. Other than that, we learned that most of our emotional development are more likely same as stated in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development stages. In this report, we are using Bandura Social Learning Theory, Treisman’s Filter Model of attention, and information processing theory to explain the cognitive development in our group member and using Erik Erikson’s intimacy versus isolation theory to discuss the emotional development in relation with friendship and family. We would like to relate her diary to cognitive development. On 30/3/2014, the diary is about how she learned new knowledge and skill which is how to use fire extinguisher. According to Bandura social learning theory, a person behavior is influencing by the interacting with environment through the process of observational learning (McLeod, 2011). This mean that an observational learning process can be carry out when a person put another person as modeling and imitated the person’s behavior. In her diary, stated that she learned how to use a fire extinguisher by observing how the fireman do it. She put fireman as her modeling and imitated how he did when she try to do it. She observe how the fireman how use the fire extinguisher and use it before she do it. She have self-efficacy and confident when using fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. According to Schunk (1985), when a person learning or performing a task, he or she will involve himself or herself when they have high self-efficacy. During the demonstration of extinguishing fire, she involve herself b... ... middle of paper ... ...r and they willing to help her when she is in trouble. For example, she willing to satisfice her time to celebrate her friend’s birthday until late of the night. According to Papalia (2009), this relationship known as fictive kin. Fictive kin used to describe individuals that is not related by birth or marital statuses but have a significant emotional connection with that other individual and it would develop the characteristics of a family relationship. Conclusion In conclusion, every one of the group member are having a lot of improvement in cognitive and emotional development. This assignment has let us know more understand about ourselves. We know what cause our current behavior and how to explain it with the theory we learn. Besides that, by knowing ourselves more, we can increase and development our cognitive and emotional in more effective and efficient way.
Erick Erickson developmental theory is one of the most influential theories in human development. His stages of development elaborate on ambiguous developmental period in which he characterizes conflict of Intimacy vs. Isolation in young adult, Generativity vs Stagnation in middle adulthood and Integrity vs. Despair in late adulthood (Schwartz, 2001). Erickson’s developmental stages theory paves the way for in-depth research on social developmental changes that occurred from young adulthood (18-25), middle adulthood (26-39), to late adulthood (40-67). In his developmental research on social relationships, Berndt (2002) found that friendships vary in term of quality, stability, intimacy and number. These changes are link to socioemotional selectivity theory, which explains how across the lifespan, individuals gradually interact with fewer people as they deliberately withdraw from social contact in peripheral relationship, while maintaining or increasing involvement in relationships with
During middle-to-late childhood, growth and development begins to slow down a bit. However, while the development may not be as rapid as it may have been in previous stages, it is more consistent and steady. The development that occurs during this stage begins to incorporate the skills learned in previous years, and the skills gained during this time are more applicable to real world situations. Cognitive development, intellectual development, and disabilities are key aspects to consider during this time.
In the biography “A Childhood”, Crews explained his life story on how he grew up without a father. Crews often wondered if his life would have been different had his father played a role in his life. Although Crews did not know his father, many individuals often told him stories about his father. In Crews’ biography “A Childhood”, it shows how the absences of a father can affect one’s attitude and outcome in life.
Piaget believed that language development is associated with cognitive development or one’s own thought processes. Children ages 2-7 years old classify in Piaget’s preoperational cognitive stage. In this stage children use their well-developed ability to symbolize events or objects that are absent. Although children can represent the absent objects, they do not permit the child to think about the reversible cost of actions. According to Piaget, comprehending at this stage is based on appearances rather than main beliefs (Gray, 1991). For instance, one child playing with a ball of play dough may say they have less than the child playing with a flat piece of play dough simply because it is shaped differently. Also during the preoperational stage children are able to expand their vocabulary from 3,000 words to 8,000 words. Their sentences grow in length and complexity. They commonly use grammatically correct sentences and learn the basics of writing and reading (Cooter & Reutzel, 2008).
Child development is a very important in today’s psychology. That is why it is not surprising that so much research has been developed on that topic. In the article “Transforming the Debate About Child Care and Maternal Employment” the author, Louise B. Silverstein, presents a very interesting point of view on the history as well as the future of psychological research on child care and influence of maternal employment on child development.
Cognitive development is the study of the ability to think and understand. It is a field of neur...
A person grows and develops continually over their lifespan. Cognitive development is the growth and transformation in intellectual processes involved in thinking, reasoning and understanding, whereas social development is gaining knowledge and learning skills to interact with others in a positive manner. Theorists have diverse views of how children between the ages 2-5 learn throughout this early childhood stage nonetheless most agree that children with normative cognitive and social development will have strong foundations for transition to the next stage. Nurses must have a deep knowledge of a child’s developmental stage to provide the best age appropriate holistic care possible. This discussion explores predictable cognitive and social
Comparing the Two Theories of Cognitive Development There are three main types of cognitive development. There is Piaget's theory, Vygotsky's theory and the Information processing approach. The two theories that I am going to compare and contrast are Piaget and Vygotsky's theories. There are many differences between these two theories, but there are also many similarities too.
Vygotsky (1978, p. 90) sustained "learning is a necessary and universal aspect of the process of developing culturally organized, specifically human, psychological functions. “ What this mean is that learning is the process that contributes to the development of higher order thinking. According to his view, learning moves from an initial state based on guided learning, to a later independent learning, by going through the Zone of Proximal Development. He described this concept as “ the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers” (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86). In other words, it is the distance between what a child is capable to do alone and what he/she could do with the direction of an adult. He coined this term in the 20th century to describe the right spot where instruction should take place. Firstly, this essay will present a fully description of the ZPD in order to understand Vygotsky's point of view. Secondly, it will explain its important role in cognitive development, by analyzing the processes of scaffolding. Finally, a critical overview will be made in order to discuss what are the weaknesses of the ZPD.
The Piagetian Cognitive stages is a process were a series of developmental stages takes place. Each stage is characterized by the development of new abilities or, more precisely, each stage is consisting of a more advanced level of adaptation. (Lefrancois, 2006 page243). The stages to the Piagetian Cognitive are Sensorimotor which is birth to 2 years old, Preoperational which is 2 years old until 7 years old, Preconceptual stage is 2 years old until 4 years old, and Intuitive 4 years old until 7 years old. Then we have Concrete operation to 7 years old until 12 years old, and Formal operation 12 years old and up. The Sensorimotor development is the birth to 2 years old. During this time we see objects are not being sensed, they are no realization
In each person's life much of the joy and sorrow revolves around attachments or affectionate relationships -- making them, breaking them, preparing for them, and adjusting to their loss by death. Among all of these bonds as a special bond -- the type a mother or father forms with his or her newborn infant. Bonding does not refer to mutual affection between a baby and an adult, but to the phenomenon whereby adults become committed by a one-way flow of concern and affection to children for whom they have cared during the first months and years of life. According to J. Robertson in his book, A Baby in the Family Loving and being Loved, individuals may have from three hundred to four hundred acquaintances in there lifetimes, but at any one time there are only a small number of persons to whom they are closely attached. He explains that much of the richness and beauty of life is derived from these close relationships which each person has with a small number of individuals -- mother, father, brother, sister, husband, wife, son, daughter, and a small cadre of close friends (Robertson 1).
...interact with their caregivers and through interaction not only their cognitive abilities are shaped by also their personality and behaviour in later stage of their life (Triandis & Suh, 2002). The essay is considering the background that social relation flourishes, namely interaction child – adult and peer relations. Through their early experiences with others, children develop their understanding of the world. By simple activities that are carried out on daily basis between children and caregivers, children are able to gain the meaning of new techniques and learning strategies, they expand their existing knowledge and experience new things. The interesting aspect is to elaborate on social interaction within different groups of children. Although the cognitive abilities may not fully develop in every child, social interaction encourages and prompts the progress.
“Anatomically and functionally, the brain is the most complex structure in the body. It controls our ability to think, our awareness of things around us, and our interactions with the outside world” (Mattson Porth, 2007, p. 823). Carol Mattson Porth described it the best; the brain is the control room in our body. The brain is the organ in our skull that tells the rest of our body what to do; our lungs to breath, our eyelids to blink, and our heart to pump blood are just a couple examples of bodily functions our brain controls. And although those controls stay constant throughout life, the brain matures and develops new tricks. Many might not know much about the brain, and many may not know what the difference is between a child’s brain and a fully developed brain especially. But this is one subject that is important and relevant; it is one of the biggest developments of the human body. The brain develops and grows immensely between being
How does an infant develop into an adult? The answer is not as obvious as it seems. There are a variety of factors that contribute to human development. A person not only grows physically but also cognitively and socio-emotionally. This paper will explain two theories; one cognitive and one socio-emotional; about human development. The two theories will be described, compared, contrasted and individually evaluated based on the strong points and limitations.
This research paper explains what developmental psychology is, how it is applicable and understand how it applies in the life. For this reason, the benefits of developmental psychology obtain the knowledge of human development. In addition, human development acquires several changes and processes in our bodies that will be known even through the years. Also, a developer persists that apart the life and how humans may become indifference aspects of human evolutionary development. Then, human development produces the different stages of various changes depending on a character.