Research question: Is marine and coastal management in Victoria truly integrated?
Introduction:
Marine and coastal zones have always attracted humans and their activities because they are one of the most dynamic regions on the earth due to the array of habitats and ecosystems(Europa). The attractiveness of marine and coastal zones based on their charm and abundance of resources make them appealing for humans, which transforms them into destinations full of living benefits (Europa). This includes a proportion of residential populations, recreational and tourism hubs, vital economic activity centres and the site of transit points (Europa).
However, the continuing disproportionate encroachment has brought pressure and conflict to areas where
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There are many meanings behind the IMCZM and the concept is still being developed, however there is overlap in certain ways. The definition of IMCZM is a “process for handling and operating all marine and coastal issues in outline plans, with the integration of levels of government, various stakeholders, ecosystems and times of duration” (SOE, 2016).
This is important within the context of environmental sustainability because it allows for opportunities to collect and build information and data to address the issues that will be useful for creating and outlining management strategies and observing the plans of operation (SOE, 2016) (CBD). This involves collaboration with various stakeholders as they work together and support each other to achieve the goals SOE,
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Approximately 60% of the coast is currently protected with various parks and conservation reserves (Wescott, 2018). 80-85% of the Victorian population follow the world trend of living on the coast and 70 million people visit the coast each year, only 3-4% of coastline is urban built zone (Wescott,2018).
While 96% of the shore is public land, only two-thirds of it is managed by Parks Victoria with involvement from conservation groups and 30 local volunteer coastal Committees of Management. The remaining one-third is managed by Local Government (Coast and Marine, 2016)(Wescott, 2018). There is both strength and weakness between various Committees of Managements (CoM) because the larger CoMs have greater financial and human resources, they are seen as ‘lead agencies’ which are able to connect more with major stakeholders, gathering practical knowledge in a number of areas such as industrial and commercial business (Wescott, 2018). Whereas the smaller CoMs are completely opposite with less finance, limited interaction with various organisations and are largely influenced by residents and recreation groups, usually with a similar mindset and not as much thought process. They also
Investigating the Geographical Processes that are Affecting the Physical and Built Coastal Environment There are three geographical processes that are affecting the physical and built coastal environment, they are; erosion, deposition, and transportation. Erosion is the group of natural processes, including weathering, dissolution, abrasion, corrosion, and transportation, by which material is worn away from the earth’s surface, this is mainly caused by wind, running water, and waves breaking on the coast. Deposition is the depositing something or the laying down of matter by a natural process. Transportation is when sand is moved along the coast by long shore drift. At North Cronulla beach erosion is evident.
The question that needs to be asked is, should local councils protect the coast, or leave it to nature? And how does protection affect the people the environment and the future of Dawlish Warren? I will observe the laws, which have been enforced to ensure the nature of the reserve is protected and the ecological and economical value of Dawlish Warren is looked after. Fig A shows where my investigation is based Dawlish warren incorporates a fantastic amenity- a nature reserve that covers 204 hectares or 505 acres. It is essentially a mile-and a half length of sand spit, extending around the mouth of the River Exe and positively teeming with flora and fauna, so much that not only has it been designated local nature reserve since 1978 but it is also an international one as well.
Case Study of Hastings Coastal Management Hastings is a town on the south coast of England approximately 60 miles south of London (see map below). In recent years, the coastline at Hastings has had to face many large scale problems, including the 10 km stretch from Hastings eastwards to the small town of Fairlight. With the coastline at constant exposure to the English Channel, there are many coastal processes which take place along the stretch of beach and cliff. [IMAGE][IMAGE] [IMAGE][IMAGE] Longshore Drift [IMAGE] Fetch [IMAGE]The map on the left illustrates the location of Hastings and also the area of the coastline which is being discussed in this case study.
Australian beaches are some of the best in the world and WA beaches are some of the best in Australia. But this may soon no longer be a view held by everyone if the WA government continues to support and allow the shark culling off Perth's major beaches. Hi I'm Maya Koentgen, a marine biologist, ecologist and fellow beach user, and I'm here to tell you why shark culling needs to stop. At the moment hundreds of innocent sharks are being caught and killed and why? Because they are simply swimming in their own homes that us humans have invaded.
Geologically speaking, Louisiana is a very young state. Environmentally speaking, Louisiana is a very fragile state. Louisiana has always been dependent upon the nutrient rich deposits from the Mississippi River to build up the land. Centuries ago the Mississippi River periodically changed its course, building up Louisiana one delta at a time. The erosional forces of the Gulf of Mexico and annual hurricanes depleted Louisiana’s coastline, but the mighty Mississippi River would replenish the land losses. Such is the relationship that forces of nature have with one another. Place mankind in the mix, and the relationship becomes stressed and dysfunctional. The present day Louisiana coastline is a mere shadow of its former self. Let’s look at how Louisiana came to its current demise and what is being done to rectify the situation.
Surfers, swimmers and sunbathers use beaches for recreation. People fish off beaches for food. Since many people take their vacations at the beach, lots of beaches in tropical locations are important to their country’s economy. Entire cities, regions and countries depend on the money tourists spend while visiting the beach. Beaches are naturally very dynamic places, but people try to control them and build permanent structures, such as houses, restaurants, shops and hotels, on or near the shore. The natural erosion and deposition of beaches becomes a problem. Beaches con disappear over time, or even over night during severe storms. Beaches are areas of loose sediment (sand, gravel, cobbles) controlled by ocean processes. Most beaches have several characteristic features. First are offshore bars, which help protect beaches from erosion. Next is the foreshore, which rises from the water toward the crest of the next feature; a berm. On low-lying shores, dunes form behind beaches. Dunes look like rolling hills of sand and are blown into place by the wind. New, smaller dunes are often changing shape as the wind continues to affect them. Waves and currents move the accumulated sediment constantly creating, eroding and changing the coastlines.
Costal areas are very popular areas to live within throughout the world. As costal development continues to develop quickly it poses threats to nearby coral reefs. Costal Development
Since the early days when Adam Smith coined the term “invisible hand of the market” in his magnum opus, The Wealth of Nations, it was typically believed among the general population that all goods can be distributed without any interference from the government. Contrary to the popular belief, however, this applies specifically to private goods, i.e. a type of good that is both rivalrous and excludable. It may seem that marine biodiversity is a type of public good, since they are in the vast ocean and everyone is entitled to their ownership. However, many marine biodiversity have tremendous economic values, and one person using it may constitute as another person not being able to use it. Thus, it is best described by the term “impure public goods”. Impure public goods, also known as “mixed public goods”, are “public goods whose benefits are particularly rival and/or partially excludable” and provides both private and public benefits. (Squires, Mixed Goods, 59) “International environmental public goods generate benefits that spill over national borders, so that the benefits (or costs) of those goods extend beyond the country of origin.” (Arriagada and Perrings, 800) Since many biodiversity, such as dolphins and coral reefs, are important to the public and yet could be exploited by citizen of any country, it is important for different countries’ governments to cooperate and conserve the marine biodiversity together. The conservation of marine biodiversity will depend on the externalities that are associated with impure public goods, and slo the technolog of public good supplies. We will also look at the incentives to conserve marine biodiversity in t...
and the effect it will have on the coast before they are allowed to be
The Great Barrier Reef Management Authority identified in an outlook plan for the reef that climate change is the long term threat that will destroy the reef. The Australian Government and Queensland officials have formally agreed to undertake an assessment on the Great Barrier Reef and the routes taken in order to maintain the reef’s beauty. A public group has been set up, allowing for people to have their say in how to protect the reef. There is a Long-Term Sustainability Plan for the Great Barrier Reef being undertaken by Australian and Queensland officials. This plan involves both costal officials and those of the general public that want to get involved. Officials have taken in all the comments from the general public and are expected to come up with a shot and long term plan into order to sustain the Great Barrier Reef.
Natural Processes are actions or events that have natural causes, which result in natural events. The three main coastal environment processes that operate at Muriwai are Coastal Erosion, Coastal Transportation and Coastal Deposition.
Tyson, B., Panelli, R., & Robertson, G. (2011). Intergrated Catchment Managment in New Zealand: A Field Report on Communication Efforts in the Taieri River Watershed. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 73-80.
Established in 1976, the California Coastal Commission’s mandate is to “preserve, protect . . . and restore the resources of the coastal zone for the enjoyment of the current and succeeding generations.” The Commission operates on the premise that the roughly 1.5 million acres under its jurisdiction are a...
Hughes, R. 1998. Environmental Impact Assessment and Stakeholder Involvement. International Institute for Environment And Development. Environmental Planning Issues No. 11
Coastal Tourism involves tourist products located along Coastal Environments - due to the limited extent of coastal environments they often are amongst the first places to experience tourist congestion for a region.