Classification of steel
The steel are classified by various methods and each method is based on definite criteria. The various criteria are
• Amount of carbon.
• Amount of alloying element in carbon.
On the basis of carbon : carbon has strong influence on the properties of steel as the carbon increase , hardness , tensile strength , fatigue resistance and harden ability increase and ductility , malleability , malleability , formability , toughness , mach inability and weld ability decrease . The name of these classes will indicate some general level of properties of steel from their group.
• Low carbon steels (0.008%-.3%)
• Medium carbon steel (0.3-0.6%)
• High carbon steel (0.6%-2%)
Low carbon steel: they are soft, ductile , malleable ,
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such steel are classified on the basis of total alloy content
• Low steel
• High steel
Low alloy steel contain alloying element less than 10% and high alloy steel contain more than 10%.
Information about any iteams like product classification including its physical staus , chemical compostion , quality product . additional information about the products like special tolerance , surface preparation edges finishes , special indeifcation , packing and loading instruction are also provided in the specification. Engineering societies or association and institutes whsose member make , specify or purchase steel products publish standard specification. Many such specification are well known and highly respected. Some of the important specification ASTM,AISI and SAE.
BRITISH STANDARD OF SPecifcation
BS 970 uses alphanumerical symbol with 6 charchter for specifiifying steel. The 6 charcter are explained as follow
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these steel are useful for application requirering maximum wear and abrasion resistance. They are deep hardening alloys suitable for sever characterized by fatigue , abrasion, impact , high temperature stresses or combination of such condition in small and large section. This steel is available hot and cold rolled sheet and strip , hot rolled and cold finished bar , cold heading quality , aircraft quality and premium aircraft quality bar and seamless tube . they are used for small gears , pinion , ball studs , high strength belt , cap screws , socket , recessed head screw which can be heat treated after machining and forming
Also, the competition between existing players in this industry is high. There are about 619,000 metal enterprises in the USA in 2005 (IBISWorld, 2007).There are many companies that produce different kinds of metal products in the market. Besides, the bargaining power of buyers is high because product difference for the buyers of the metal products is small. It is not easy to differentiate the quality of one metal product from another. In addition, the cost of switching for the buyers is low. The number of substitutes of metal products is also high thus the buyers have great bargaining power.
A wide variety of coating alloys and wrought alloys can be prepared that give the metal greater strength, castability, or resistance to corrosion or high temperatures. Some new alloys can be used as armor plate for tanks, personnel carriers, and other military vehicles.
-Developed and implemented strip casting overseas to eliminate a step in the steel making process
The extraordinary power of the steel industry to shape the life of its communities and the people in them remain...
These include, high strength, low weight, high chemical resistance and high cut resistance. This material does not corrode or rust and is also unaffected when placed in or under water.
It is very important to work to recognised standards when producing engineering drawings because manufacturers around the world need to be able to relate and interpret the engineering drawing. For example, if someone did not include recognised measurements
This product is manufactured by chemically applying a conversion layer on Zincalume steel to enhance coating adhesion. Subsequently a specially formulated primer is baked on surface. And finally a durable exterior grade top-coat is baked on. 10 - 12 years warranty is also standard on this material.
This paper will first discuss the development of the steel industry. Next, it will examine steel, and in the impact it had on the transportation industry. Finally, it will discuss systematic management practices of this time and how they gave birth to the scientific approach that is still in use today.
The group is also one of the largest manufacturers of small and medium sized steel forgings and the second largest forgings manufacturer in India.
Stainless steel is a type of alloy that has a very strong lattice structure (an arrangement/ shape of the crystals or other objects) which in some case can be more beneficial than others depending on the type of application it may be used for. In many cases this structure will make the material more suited to being used in engineering applications such as tools for instance a hammer (stainless steel alloys) , also they can be used for gears, engines, electrical motors and hydraulic systems because the structure makes the material so strong. So when the arrangement of the structure is as above it makes the overall material even stronger which makes it a good for all the applications stated above. I believe its strength and durability are its main properties as these are commonly needed in the engineering industry, although it is also very well known to be used for its corrosion resistance as it is resistant to many types of corrosion. It is used for these properties because the components such as gears need to be strong in order to keep transferring and altering the rotary motion and torque exhibited in the machine that it may be used in, durable to withstand any loads or pressure put onto it and also corrosion resistance to give the components a bigger life span and increase its rate of work throughout its required use.
Aluminum is one of a number of soft metals that scientists call "poor" metals. It can be shaped and twisted into any form. It can be rolled into thick plates for armored tanks or into thin foil for chewing gum wrappers. It may be drawn into a wire or made into cans. Aluminum is a generally popular metal because it does not rust and it resists wear from weather and chemicals. (Bowman, 391) Aluminum is an element. Its atomic number is thirteen and its atomic weight is usually twenty-seven. Pure aluminum melts at 660.2ºC and boils at 2500ºC. Its density is 2.7 grams per cube centimeter. Aluminum is never found uncombined in nature. (Bowman, 391) Aluminum is a very useful metal that is light, easy to shape and can be strong. This makes aluminum one of the most used metals in the world, right behind iron and steel. (Geary, 185) In its pure state, aluminum is quite weak compared to the other metals. However, its strength can be greatly increased by adding small amounts of alloying elements, heat-treating, or cold working. Only a small percentage of aluminum is used in its pure form. It is made into such items as electrical conductors, jewelry, and decorative trim for alliances and cars. A combination of the three techniques has produced aluminum alloys that, pound for pound, are stronger than structural steel. Some common metals used in alloys for aluminum are copper, magnesium and zinc.(Walker, 31) The added elements give the aluminum strength and other properties. (Newmark, 41) Aluminum is one of the lightest metals. It weighs about 168.5 pounds per cubic foot, about a third as much as steel which weighs 487 pounds per cubic foot. (Neely, 214) As a result, aluminum has replaced steel for many uses. For example, some ...
By adding up to 2%,of carbon it makes the steel tough and strong. Although it’s tough and strong, it is able to bend. To make sure that the metal doesn’t rust, it has a zinc coating on it. Iron is 26 on the periodic table,and considered an “transition metal,” meaning that it is ductile and malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. ... “Some other elements that are similar to iron are cobalt and nickel. They are the only elements known to produce a magnetic field.” Zinc is 30 on the periodic table and it is also a transition metal like iron. “The first iron used by humans is likely to have come from meteorites.” A meteorite is a meteor that survives its passage through the earth's atmosphere such that part of it strikes the ground. More than 90 percent of meteorites are of rock, while the remainder consist wholly or partly of iron and nickel. Meteors are believed to have been from the asteroid belt of Mars and
Some steel containers are made through deforming the steel by means of extruding, forging, spin forming, ...
There are many different types of alloys; some are so common that they carry on a life beyond their metal bases. For example, 65-90% of copper mixed with 10-35% of zinc create the well known alloy brass, which provides increased resistance to corrosion in things like instruments and
This is the traditional method of determining stress grades, during this process a grader who is highly trained examines each piece of timber produced in accordance with the European Standard EN 14018. Once visually inspected each piece of timber is assigned to one of the following groups;