Cholecystitis
Cholecystitis is swelling and irritation (inflammation) of your gallbladder. Your gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ below your liver, on the right side of your belly (abdomen). Your gallbladder stores the fluid that helps your body digest fats (bile).
Most of the time, cholecystitis occurs suddenly (acute cholecystitis). This happens when a hard deposit (gallstone) develops and gets stuck in the tube (cystic duct) that carries bile from your gallbladder to your small intestine. Many people develop gallstones but do not develop cholecystitis. If the gallstone stays in place, inflammation and a backup of bile will make your gallbladder swollen and painful. Bacteria may also start to grow in your gallbladder and add to the inflammation.
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The pain may start in the central part of your belly and move to the right upper side. It may come and go at first (colic) but become constant over time. The pain may get worse when you take a deep breath. You may also feel it in your right shoulder or upper back. Other signs and symptoms of acute cholecystitis may include:
• Fever.
• Chills.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Tenderness in your abdomen when touched or pressed.
• Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice).
DIAGNOSIS
Your health care provider may suspect cholecystitis from your symptoms and medical history. Your health care provider will also do a physical exam. The health care provider may also do tests to confirm the diagnosis. These may include:
• Imaging studies, such as ultrasound, CT, and MRI.
• A scan to see how well the bile moves from your liver to your gallbladder and small intestine. This is an HIDA (hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid) scan.
• Blood tests to measure how well your liver works.
TREATMENT
The first treatment for acute cholecystitis is usually medical treatment in the hospital. This may include:
• Stopping eating and drinking.
• Getting IV fluids.
• Taking medications to control pain and
...h a type of surgery called Cholecystectomy. The Non-Surgical approaches are used only in specific situations such as when a patient’s condition prevents using an anesthetic. In such cases, Oral dissolution therapy is used.
HPI: MR is a 70 y.o. male patient who presents to ER with constant, dull and RUQ abdominal pain onset yesterday that irradiate to the back of right shoulder. Client also c/o nauseas, vomiting and black stool x2 this morning. He reports that currently resides in an ALF; they called the ambulance after his second episodes of black stool. Pt reports he drank Pepto-Bismol yesterday evening without relief. Pt states that he never experienced similar symptoms in the past. Denies any CP, emesis, hematochezia or any other associated symptoms at this time. Client was found with past history gallbladder problems years ago.
They can be enumerated as difficult entry to the right hypochondrium owing to the adhesions, difficulty in exposure can also arise due to diseased gallbladder and Liver ,acutely inflamed and tense gallbladder ,gallbladder packed with stones ,thick walled gallbladder ,fibrotic gallbladder ,gallbladder mass and abnormality can also arise due to anomalous anatomy of hepatobiliary system like situs inversus, malposition of the gallbladder, arterial anomalies and short cystic duct, a huge stone impacted in the cystic duct, Hartmann’s pouch adherent to the common hepatic duct and anomalous insertion of the cystic duct.
1. Outline the causes, incidence and risk factors of the identified disease and how it can impact on the patient and family (450 words)
Liver percusses to 8 cm at midclavicular line, one fingerbreadth below right costal margin: This indicates that the patient does not have signs or symptoms of liver disease or ascites.
Cholesteatoma is a growth of excess skin or a skin cyst (epithelial cyst) that contains desquamated keratin and grows in the middle ear and mastoid (Thio, Ahmed, & Bickerton, 2005). A cholesteatoma can grow and spread, destroying the ossicles, tympanic membrane and other parts of the ear. They appear on the pars flaccida and pars tensa sections of the tympanic membrane. A cholesteatoma can occur when a part of a perforated tympanic membrane is pushed back into the middle ear space, debris and skin cells can build up forming a growth. It can obstruct tympanic membrane movement and movement of the ossicles. As the layers grow, the amount of hearing loss can increase. A cholesteatoma can be congenital (present at birth) or be acquired as a result of another disease. They can also be formed as a result of a surgery, trauma, chronic ear infection, chronic otitis media, or tympanic membrane perforation. It can develop beyond the tympanic membrane and cause intracranial and extracranial complications. Due to this patients can experience permanent hearing loss as a result of an infection of the inner ear as well as other serious health concerns. These include dizziness, facial nerve weakness and infections of the skull (Hall, 2013). Patients may present chronically discharging ear, hearing loss, dizziness, otalgia (ear pain), and perforations (marginal or attic).
come along, this is when the bile is released to digest the fat. The same
Characterized by progressive tissue injury and scarring, cirrhosis is among the leading causes of chronic liver failure in the United States. Recent research conducted by the National Institutes of Health indicated that the prevalence of cirrhosis, especially in clients diagnosed with Hepatitis C, has increased steadily throughout the past decade and will likely continue to increase in the future (Kanwal et al., 2011). Caused by recurrent tissue damage and inflammation, cirrhosis occurs as healthy hepatocytes (liver cells) are replaced by fibrotic and non-functional scar tissue through natural healing processes. Although liver tissue is normally very resilient, sustained injury eventually outpaces restorative capacity and a majority of functional tissue is replaced with collagenous tissue and liver failure occurs. In the United States, cirrhosis is most commonly caused by Hepatitis C, alcoholism, fatty liver disease, and biliary obstruction (Kanwal et al., 2011). Due to the increase in prevalence and the seriousness of the condition, cirrhosis represents a significant healthcare issue. The treatment and care of clients diagnosed with cirrhosis is complex. The following information addresses several of the major aspects of nursing care associated with the treatment of clients diagnosed with cirrhosis. Additionally, current studies regarding the treatment of cirrhosis will be evaluated in an effort to assess their readiness to be incorporated into current evidenced-based nursing practice.
There are some more serious symptoms that may not be visible, such as the enlargement of the spleen and the inflammation of the liver. The enlargement of the spleen (see appendix) may not be detected by the doctor, but it is possible. It may cause a pain in the upper left abdominal located under the chest. If the ...
The disease occurs when pouches in the large intestine become infected and inflamed, Symptoms may include but not limited to severe abdominal pain often in the lower left side of the abdomen, constipation, diarrhea, nausea and fever.
Celiac Disease, also known as gluten intolerance, is an autoimmune disorder and it affects nearly 1 in every 133 people. A protein in wheat known as gliadin causes a person’s immune system to attack its own bowel and digestive system. This protein is also found in other grains such as rye, barley and oats. There are villi in the small intestine whose job is to absorb nutrients from the foods eaten. Since the body is attacking itself it causes the villi to atrophy and it erodes the nutrient absorbing villi, as it actually shortens and flattens the villi. Due to the affect of the gliadin proteins, it can cause irreversible damage to the lining of the small intestines and its villi. This condition seems to be genetic and can be passed down through generations. It was traditionally thought that this condition only affected People of European dissent, but recent studies show that it is also seen in people of Hispanic, Asian and African American dissent as well. There are blood tests that can be done to determine if one has celiac disease which is very helpful. If getting a blood test or an endoscopy done it is very important that gluten is still being consumed so as the see what affects it has on the body. Celiac disease can cause a myriad of other conditions like intestinal lymphoma; osteoporosis; anemia and it can stunt growth in children due to the fact that the body cannot absorb nutrients causing severe malabsorption of essential nutrients and vitamins.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the removal of the gallbladder. This is a less invasive way to remove the gallbladder. This surgery uses a laparoscope, which is a camera used to see the inside of the body and three other small incisions are made. With open surgery, incisions are made in the right upper part of abdomen in five to eight inch long incisions. Most laparoscopic cholecystectomies are same day surgery, have smaller incisions, and patients experience less pain after surgery and have a quicker recovery.
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In checking for glaucoma, your doctor will want to know if any members of your family have had the illness. Then they will also ask whether you have noticed any recent changes in your peripheral vision. After asking about your family health history, your doctor will look for the symptoms of acute glaucoma.