Chloroflourocarbons
Chloroflourocarbons were discovered in the 1920's by Thomas Midgley, an organic chemist at General Motors Corporation. He was looking for inert, non- toxic, non-flammable compounds with low boiling points that could be used as refrigerants. He found what he was looking for in the form of two compounds: dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) and trichloromonoflouromethane (CFC-11). In both compounds, different amounts of chlorine and fluorine are combined with methane, which is a combination of carbon and hydrogen. These two CFCs were eventually manufactured by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and company, and, under the trade name “freon,” constituted 15% of the market for refrigerator gases.
CFCs were the perfect answer for cooling refrigerators and air conditioners. They were easily turned into liquid at room temperature with application of just a small amount of pressure, and they could easily then be turned back into gas. CFCs were completely inert and not poisonous to humans.
They became ideal solvents for industrial solutions and hospital sterilants.
Another use found for them was to blow liquid plastic into various kinds of foams. In the 1930's, household insecticides were bulky and hard to use, so CFCs were created because they could be kept in liquid form and in an only slightly pressurized can. Thus, in 1947, the spray can was born, selling millions of cans each year. Insecticides were only the first application for CFC spray cans.
They soon employed a number of products from deodorant to hair spray. In 1954,
188 million cans were sold in the U.S. alone, and four years later, the number jumped to 500 million. CFC filled cans were so popular that, by 1968, 2.3 billion spray cans were sold in America.
The hopes of a seemingly perfect refrigerant were diminished in the late
1960's when scientists studied the decomposition of CFCs in the atmosphere.
What they found was startling. Chlorine atoms are released as the CFCs decompose, thus destroying the Ozone (O3) atoms in the high stratosphere. It became clear that human usage of CF2Cl2 and CFCl3, and similar chemicals were causing a negative impact on the chemistry of the high altitude air.
When CFCs and other ozone-degrading chemicals are emitted, they mix with the atmosphere and eventually rise to the stratosphere. CFCs themselves do not actually effect the ozone, but their decay products do. After they photolyzed, the chlorine eventually ends up as “reservoir species” - they do not themselves react with ozone- such as Hydrogen Chloride, HCL, or Chlorine Nitrate, ClONO2.
These than further decompose into ozone hurting substances. The simplest is as follows: (How do CFCs Destroy the Ozone) Cl + O3 -----> ClO + O2 ClO + O
While doing his research Molina learned that these compounds move up to the ozone and stay there. He expected the compounds to be destroy by the solar radiation. However to his surprise he formed that chlorofluorocarbons would simplify into component element when exposed to radiation. This simplify components produce a highly concentration of pure chlorine atoms. From there he already knew that the ozone layer can be destroy with chlorine.
There have been 20 million arrests since 1965 for the possession of marijuana, also known as cannabis. The amount of crime and arrests for possession of the illicit drug has increased due to the prohibition. Cannabis was a major cash crop for the industrial production prior to its illegalization. It has been estimated that the United States spends approximately $7.7 billion each year to prohibit the use of marijuana alone. Currently, the number of people incarcerated is six to ten times higher than in European countries (NORML).
Two properties are required for fluid movement of Reservoir rocks and Source rocks: permeability and porosity. It consist voids or pores, ability to contain fluid (known as porosity) and the pores are interconnected (permeability) in order to allow flow to occur. Hydrocarbons can be termed as reservoir fluid. The volume of hydrocarbons stored in a reservoir depends upon the porosity of the reservoir rock. The rate and volume at which hydrocarbons are withdrawn depends upon the permeability of the reservoir rock. Almost complete pore space of the superior several kilometres of earth’s crust contains water. Therefore in this water environment hydrocarbons exist with amalgamation of oil, gas and water occurring in different proportions.
Home Depot reached the number one spot in home improvement centers the world over in 2001 (Bianchi, 2006, section 1, para1). In 2002 their net sales reached $58.2 billion (Bianchi, 2006, section 2, para1). There were more than 1500 Home Depot stores within the United States, Canada, and Mexico at the end of 2003. In 1994 Canada became the first foreign country in which Home Depot expanded...
Thesis: As the environment encounters damage from increasing levels of carbon dioxide, actions on both governmental and individual levels need to be implemented in order to protect the welfare of future life.
...ent size of the illegal marijuana market, the Office of National Drug Control Policy estimates that $33 billion is made on marijuana consumption annually. This is based on a street price of $185 an ounce and an annual consumption of 180 million ounces sold (Bernasek).
Stratospheric ozone absorbs 97-99% of ultraviolet radiation. As this protective layer continues to dissentigrate, human health will suffer. One American dies every hour from skin cancer, a direct result of ozone depletion by anthropogenic chemicals, primarily CFCs, which damage the ozone layer. Alternate chemicals are now being used in the place of CFCs that will not damage statospheric ozone, and there is international recognition of the importance of developing these chemicals. The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty which limits the production of ozone depleting substances. Still, human health is at risk from the deletion of ozone, and the risk factor will continue to rise unless people and industries become more aware of the implications connected with everyday use of chemicals which destroy stratospheric ozone.
Chloromethane, more commonly referred to as methyl chloride, is an organic compound categorized as a haloalkane functional group. Functional groups are atoms that control how the molecule will react with other molecues. Haloalkane functional groups consist of a carbon atom with four single bonds and one of the bonds in occupied by an element in the Halogen family; in this case chlorine. The structural formula is CH3Cl. This formula effects some of the physical properties which include the boiling point to be -22.22°C and the melting point to be -97.7°C. Other physical properties consist of a faint sweet smell, colorless gas, and it is soluble in water.
Since the days of Aristotle, all substances have been classified into one of three physical states. A substance having a fixed volume and shape is a solid. A substance, which has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape, is a liquid; liquids assume the shape of their container but do not necessarily fill it. A substance having neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume is a gas; gases assume both the shape and the volume of their container. The structures of gases, and their behavior, are simpler than the structures and behavior of the two condensed phases, the solids and the liquids
Hazardous Chemicals In The Household Being a mother myself, I have to be careful about what I bring around my children. These chemicals were created for a reason. However they can’t come without consequence. There is much debate on the use, storage and purpose of these products. However it’s important to do your research and make sure you aren’t harming yourself or others.
Air pollution is caused by many things such as car fumes, burning of fossil fuels,
In 1970, Crutzen first showed that nitrogen oxides produced by decaying nitrous oxide from soil-borne microbes react catalytically with ozone hastening its depletion. His findings started research on "global biogeochemical cycles" as well as the effects of supersonic transport aircraft that release nitrogen oxide into the stratosphere.2 In 1974, Molina and Rowland found that human-made chlorofluorocarbons used for making foam, cleaning fluids, refrigerants, and repellents transform into ozone-depleting agents.3 Chlorofluorocarbons stay in the atmosphere for several decades due to their long tropospheric lifetimes. These compounds are carried into the stratosphere where they undergo hundreds of catalytic cycles with ozone.4 They are broken down into chlorine atoms by ultraviolet radiation.5 Chlorine acts as the catalyst for breaking down atomic oxygen and molecular ozone into two molecules of molecular oxygen.
Hydrocarbons are compounds formed by carbon and hydrogen atoms. They are used as fuels to produce energy in incomplete and complete combustion reactions. Incomplete combustion occurs when hydrocarbons react with a small amount of oxygen (O2), whilst complete combustion occurs when hydrocarbons react with large amounts of oxygen. Incomplete combustions produce water (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO) and/or soot (C). The CO and soot produced from incomplete combustion can have harmful consequences on humans and the environment. They not only damage human health, but also contribute to the current issue of global warming, ozone formation, and black carbon footprint. That being said, CO is vital to the human body in order to properly function.
Carbon Dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that occurs in small quantities in the earth's atmosphere naturally. The earth's ocean, soil, plants and animals release CO2. The formula of Carbon Dioxide is CO2. The CO2 molecule contains 2 oxygen atoms that each share 2 electrons with a carbon atom to form 2 carbon - oxygen double bonds. The atoms are arranged as so (OHT). This is called a 'linear molecule'.
Solids have a definite shape and do not take the shape of their container. Liquids do not have any definite shape and do take the shape of their container, the same is true with gases. Once again it is the bond between the atoms of liquids, and gases that make it have no definite shape. The first phase of matter is solids. Solids are the most stable form of matter.