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The influence of confucianism on China
Impact of communism on the chinese communist revolution
Confucianism and its influence upon Chinese society
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Most countries have their own unique social hierarchies, shaped by the cultures and history of the people. Social hierarchies are the way individuals are classified based on their skill sets, incomes and social standing and are usually passed down for many generations. Because of the factors that shape these hierarchies, it is impossible for a country to change overnight, but it can be done over time. Some countries have very clear structured hierarchy systems with defined rules and roles. Others countries structures are more loosely defined, having little impact on how individuals are treated and don’t restrict potential. Social hierarchies carry over from everyday life and strongly effect how individuals lead, interact and think in a business environment. The countries of Germany and China have drastically different pasts, which have created different social hierarchies, shaping how their businesses are structured and run today. China is a country that has traditionally had a clearly defined social hierarchy. The teachings of Confucius, the famous Chinese philosopher, embodied the Chinese social structure. He thought set roles and rank were vital for a society to function harmoniously. If an individual tried to deviate from their prescribed role, the country’s social order would be threatened. For centuries, China has had a citizenship comprised of 80% to 90% farmers, a small amount of specialized craftsmen, and a few elite families that controlled and drove society. Through the generations, the strictly defined roles of Confucius have died away, but his ideas of hierarchy are still ingrained in the Chinese way of thinking. The introduction of communism in China continued to have a large disparity in wealth and powe... ... middle of paper ... ... made they take the welfare and opinions of their works into account. Management has a strong sense of teamwork and consensus based decision making. While the employees are considered, the strict adherence to their decisions hurt innovation. The German and Chinese business hierarchies don’t only affect the way businesses are run but also affects what kind of products each country is able to specialize in. The lack of empowerment and innovation within the Chinese business structure makes it very hard for them to come up with new products and processes. However, having an obedient workforce allows them to excel at creating low cost, less complex, mass market products. The Germans focus on efficiency and technical knowledge helps them to successfully produce more complex products, but are seldom the first to market due to their low innovation and empowerment.
Following the Chinese Revolution of 1949, China’s economy was in ruin. The new leader, Mao Zedong, was responsible for pulling the economy out of the economic depression. The problems he faced included the low gross domestic product, high inflation, high unemployment, and high prices on goods. In order to solve these issues, Mao sought to follow a more Marxist model, similar to that of the Soviet Union. This was to use government intervention to develop industry in China. In Jan Wong’s Red China Blues, discusses Maoism and how Mao’s policies changed China’s economy for the worse. While some of Mao’s early domestic policies had some positive effects on China’s economy, many of his later policies caused China’s economy to regress.
Throughout, 1900- 1950 there were a number of changes and continuities in China. From the fall of the dynasties to the rise of the Communist Party, these changes shaped China’s government and society. Although, many political changes were made multiple continuities were held constant such as, consistent rebellions and the lack of democracy.
Proper Order in Confucianism and as taught primarily by Mencius, the Chinese philosopher, is the conceptual theory that instructs how people can reach their highest potential of moral and material well being embodied in Mencius' conception of human nature. The theory of proper order is the primary and philosophical means to that end. Although proper order may seem in many ways philosophically abstract, Mencius' teachings of proper order in history have had lasting and tangible effects on modern East Asian politics and its relationship between the state and society, and even on a narrower level of the individual and community. In fact, the theory of proper order starts first at the individual level and from there flourishes to create a positive rippling effect throughout all of society. This profound theory and its ideals is credited with developing a social society in East Asia which acknowledges the great potential of each of its citizens, but still aspires to consider the effects of individual actions on the common good and not to just ignore the interests of society as a whole. This has helped guide East Asia through its long and colorful history and has helped to shape it into the political and economic powerhouse that it is today. But where exactly did such a significant theory which has helped to define an entire society come from? What exactly is proper order, how can we create it, and why is it needed to achieve Mencius' human nature? Most of these questions can be answered in explaining the fundamental virtue that all humans have according to Mencius, our humaneness defined in human nature.
The late 19th century and the beginning of the early 20th century marks a critical turning point in Chinese history. The high pressures of western imperialism and regenerated peasant revolutions caused a sudden shift in the Chinese social order. The fear of western imperialism caused a demand for modernization, self-strengthening, and defense. Sons of the traditional landlord-bureaucratic lost confidence in Confucian values and traditional institutions; this elite class was too weak to withhold foreign invasion. The sons of the gentry, soon became the most important contributors to the revolution that would rise up against the Confucius bureaucrats intellectuals. The new revolutionaries visioned not only a fortified, modern China with a powerful defense system, but also a unified country. One without “class struggle” or the unfair socio-economic differences between the impoverished masses and higher social classes. To achieve this new political vision, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was formed in 1921 but not with ease.
...ering the recent changes in China’s politics. Many are wondering what the future holds for Chinese politics and the idea of a democracy with Confucian characteristics is something many have been looking at since Confucianism holds an important place in Chinese traditions. We have witnessed on many occasions the failure of trying to implement a democratic system in a country that either wasn’t “ready” for democracy or a country where the political culture wasn’t compatible with the democracy models we are used to. This idea is very relevant when you talk about China since it’s easy to see how democracy might not fit right with the Chinese political culture. In such a case, the best solution would be a democracy with Confucian characteristics. So we can see here how the relationship between Confucianism and democracy is something worth reflecting on in current times.
The rise of communism in the Soviet Union and China in the 20th century had both gains and costs in each country. Some of these gains benefited society as a whole in terms of economic improvement and rapid industrialization. However, with these gains came many costs that affected millions of people all around the world, not just in the Soviet Union and China. While the main ideas of communism were about spreading equality and making society an equal place to live, most citizens of these countries found the idea of communism to be unfair, serving no benefits to society, such as the taking and redistributing of land so that all peasants could have their own land to produce goods on. Even though the effects of communism in China and the Soviet
Confucius’s ideas were described as traditional, and he often talked about a time when the rulers would look after the people; “the inferiors followed their superiors; parents and children, husbands and wives, and everyone worked together and did what was expected of them.” Confucius described the importance of family and “considered the family as the basic unit of society.” He emphasized the importance of children obeying their parents. The teachings of Confucius were similar to a hierarchy; “the senior leads and protects; the junior supports and obeys.” For example the relationships between husband and wife, older and younger siblings, and the relationships between friends all had a hierarchy (patheos.org 1).
Retrieved March 21, 2001, from the World Wide Web: http://english.peopledaily.com. Chinatown Online is a wonderful site with an abundance of information about China. http://www.chinatown-online.com/. Henslin, J. M. (1999). The Species of the Species. Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach (4th ed.).
China's capitalism and boom was born when their president, Deng Xiaoping permitted the provinces to dismantle their communes and collective farms. This led China to venture into free-market economics, although they were still under the communist political system. When President Deng announced that they needed Western money and expertise, China flung their trade doors wide open and China went on a capitalist drive without ever looking back. By mid 1960's, the Chinese Revolution settled down to the job of ruling China. Its main goal was essentially nationalist: a prosperous modern economy. While there continued to exist substantially economic inequalities, distribution of wealth was probably a bit more equal than in most Western countries.
... This essay critically analyses and examines the effect of Communism on the Chinese Society during the period of 1946-1964. The overall conclusion that can be drawn is that the Chinese Communist Party managed to defeat the Kuomintang (Nationalist) Party and achieve victory in the Civil War, in spite of alienation by the Soviet Union and opposition from the U.S. This was primarily because of the superior military strategy employed by the Communists and the economic and political reforms introduced by this party which brought more equality to the peasants in the form of land ownership and better public services. This increased China’s production and manufacturing, which not only boosted the country’s economy but also provided a more sustainable supply of food, goods and services for the Chinese people.
The countries of China and Japan share many similarities other than their geographical proximity. They both have and established rich cultures and great senses of national unity that rival and exceed that of their western counterparts. Both civilizations have crossed paths during several periods in the last thousand years, in which there similarities between religious and ethical moralities have heavily influenced one another. However despite these similarities in the last century, these nations have taken two extremely different views in creating a modernized state. What created this divergence are the extreme differences in the upbringings of each countries respective economic policy. Chinese civilization has truly withstood the test of time, existing as long ago as 2200BC. Before the 20th century China was a world leader in the fine arts and sciences. Unfortunately foreign occupation by the Japanese, and famine crippled the nation for many years giving way to new ideologies of the west. Communism found its way into the heart of the Chinese political system, which allowed China to become a sovereign nation, but at the expense of the people’s freedom. After this era of dictatorship modernization found its way into China in the 1970s. The country traded its planned socialism to a more marketed style socialism which would help China emerge into the superpower it is today. By decentralizing some economic decision making, China was still able to maintain political control. China’s large population allowed it to be a source for cheap labor, tremendously boosting its GDP, which eventually placed it as the number two economic power of our modern world today. Both Japan and China have proven themselves to be autonomous nations that have ...
A philosopher named Confucius founded Confucianism in China 2,500 years ago. Confucianism is a system of ethical behavior and social responsibility that became the great traditions of the East.1 It played an important role in the evolution in Chinese culture over the centuries. It has influenced near-by countries and had made a mark in the history of religion. There are today over six million people who call themselves Confucianists. Most Confucianists live in East Asia where Confucianism is thought to be born. For over two thousand years, Confucianism has been the dominant philosophical system of Chinese government, which has still a great hold on their people. Because Chinese culture has spread to the counties of Vietnam, Korea, and Japan, the values of Confucianism can be found there too.
The influence of Neo-Confucianism is seen mainly in family life (the smallest social unit recognized there). The country has a vertical structure and follows the five bonds of relationship ascribed in Confucianism – ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, and older friend and younger friend (https://www.reference.com/world-view/five-basic-relationships-confucianism-e5b27f5c3ca1ff46). In all the relationships the older person or the superior is responsible for looking after the younger ones and all responsibilities and powers lies with them. The younger ones are supposed to look after them, obey them and fulfill filial piety. Almost all social etiquettes are derived from this
According to Birch (2002) it was during the 6th century B.C.E that the two most influential leaders namely, Confucius and Lao-Tzu, lived and practiced their philosophies of Confucianism and Taoism respectively while simultaneously attracting countless of followers. Confucianism is a set of laws which was established by Confucius as he was primarily concerned with social responsibilities and social hierarchy. Confucianism is a leadership ethic which views hierarchy as the natural order. Therefore, if relationships and society are to be successful it is crucial for leaders to be good people. Senior leaders are powerful and power must be exercised in the best interest of themselves and those for whom they are responsible. Relationships and organisation will not be mutually advantageous and good results are much less likely occur if social ...
For many centuries, Confucianism has been widely revered by the Chinese for its emphasis on morality. Confucius, who lived from 551 to 479 BCE, is different to most philosophers in that he showed no interest questioning his existence, the possibility of a God, or the reality that he seemed to live in; instead he focused on the human relations side of philosophy as it was his belief that people should “give (themselves) earnestly to the duties due to men … (and) keep aloof from (spiritual beings)” (Confucius 195). By negating the metaphysical side of philosophy, he was able to devote himself to mold his disciples into ideal gentleman who were morally righteous, and were able to benefit society. He believed in the importance of individuals who knew their roles in an well-structured society, that was a feudal system. In his opinion, the ideal gentleman should be obedient to his elders, have humanness and be morally righteous. Through his teachings, he was able to reform an entire country; the Chinese found Confucianism to embody practices of humaneness that they could apply in their daily lives through his religion.