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Strengths and weaknesses of a literature review
What literature review
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Chartists and Chartism
Chartism was the name of a variety of protest movements in England during the 1830s and 40s, which aimed to bring about change in social and economic conditions through political reform. Its name comes from the People’s Charter, a six-point petition presented to the House of Commons with the hope of having it made law. The six point included annual parliaments, universal manhood suffrage, abolition of the property qualification for members of the House of Commons, the secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of Parliament.
This was the first independent working-class movement in the world, that is, not simply sporadic uprisings or agitation, and arose after the Reform Bill of 1832 had failed. Working men had agitated for this bill and its failure left them still without the sought-for right to manhood suffrage. The Factory Act of 1832 had reduced working hours for children, but not for adults. The New Poor Law of 1834 caused resentment among workers by building workers’ housing in factory districts, where living conditions were bad.
By 1837 50,000 were out of work in Manchester alone, owing to overproduction, loss of trade, and the shutting-down of many mills. Throughout the country, from 1839-1851 widespread depression was due to a combination of jobs lost, bad harvests, and high food prices. There were organized groups in London and Birmingham, but a national organization was inspired by Feargus O’Connor, who edited a Chartist paper, The Northern Star, and was a rabble-rousing speaker.
The Chartists’ method was to circulate their petition throughout the country and gather signatures which were to be presented to the House of Commons at a giant convention in...
... middle of paper ...
...nating the worst working conditions were gradually enacted into law.
Victorian England was to struggle with labor-management problems throughout the century. Gradually the working class would come to recognize its need for centralized organization and would gain support from radical middle-class intellectuals and writers, notably Henry Mayhew, who during the years 1849-51 investigated living and working conditions in London and published a series of violently-debated letters in the Morning Chronicle. It would appear that the efforts of the Chartists, while not immediately successful, served as valuable experience for a future labor movement, as well as awakening the consciences of individuals and groups outside the working class.
Sources:
Sally Mitchell, ed. Victorian Britain “Chartism,” “Riots and Demonstrations,” “Strikes.” New York, Garland, 1988.
Gary B. Nash argues that the American Revolution portrayed “radicalism” in the sense on how the American colonies and its protesters wanted to accommodate their own government. Generally what Gary B. Nash is trying to inform the reader is to discuss the different conditions made by the real people who were actually fighting for their freedom. In his argument he makes it clear that throughout the revolution people showed “radicalism” in the result of extreme riots against the Stamp Act merchants, but as well against the British policies that were implemented. He discusses the urgency of the Americans when it came to declaring their issues against the British on how many slaves became militants and went up against their masters in the fight for a proclamation to free themselves from slavery. But he slowly emerges into the argument on how colonists felt under the
The literature of the nineteenth century cataloged the social, economical and political changes during its period. Through it many new concerns and ideologies were proposed and made their journeys through intellectual spheres that have endured and kept their relevance in our own period today. The literature, sometimes quite overtly, introduced the issues arising with the changes in society specifically due to the industrial revolution. In this mixture of new ideas was the question of women's labor and functions among this rapidly changing society. American authors as well as Victorian authors, like George Gissing and Mabel Wotton, explored these issues somewhat explicitly during this period. In America, Louisa May Alcott and Charlotte Perkins Gilman expressed these issues in short stories with strong implications of the dangers of unfulfilled or unsatisfying labor available to women.
Suppressed by the wealthy elites and mainstream newspapers, the growing Labor Movement of the late 1820’s and early 1830’s, created the labor press papers that projected the voice of the working man which had previously been muffled. Headed by The Mechanics Free Press and the Working Man’s Advocate, the labor press looked to achieve political power for the working class and to criticize politicians for their total disregard of the working-class people. The Industrial Revolution and emergence of capitalism provided many jobs for the working class, but forced the laborers into terrible work conditions. The labor papers provided the working class a forum to voice issues such as child labor and 12-hour work days, that impacted the lives of workers but were previously ignored by the established newspapers.
As this paper aims at outlining, delineating and comparing pre-industrial and industrial protests and social movements Charles Tilly`s theory on repertoire of contention is one of the most applicable and effective for such an objective. Charles Tilly`s theory serves as an excellent delineation of the contrast between pre-industrial and industrial manners of people acting together when in the pursuit of shared interests. In the 1870s people were aware of how to express their grievance such as seizing shipments of grain, attack tax gatherers, and take revenge on wrongdoers and people who had violated community norms. However what they were not familiar yet with were acts such as mass demonstrations, urban insurrections and strikes (Tarrow, 1998). By observing the repertoire of contention Tilly managed not only to track the rise of the national social movement, but also to analyze and explain it. Utilizing the repertoire of contention in order to compare and understand the behaviour of people with regards to expressing their grievances within the aforementioned two periods.
There were many problems in the late 1800s. Most of these problems came from social issues in society. The two main issues this paper will address is the exploitation of farmers and workers, and how they tried to change things by reform movements.
In response to intervention, thousands of groups of people became defiant. Laborers living off the bare minimum often assembled into organized groups to enforce their demands upon the government, making a notable push for reform (D) while educated men such as Henry Demarest Lloyd promoted virtue, not land, as the ideal focus of government (B). Dissatisfaction continued within the middle class. As new industrial machines emerged, designed for mass product...
Jamison, Lesley "The Effects of Divorce on Children". Clinical Psychology Associates of North Central Florida, P.A. American Psychological Association, 7 Oct. 2013. Web. 24 Nov. 2013.
The statistics of divorce are only growing. The 1970’s was a time when divorce rates were high. Information gathered in a study of long term effects on divorce on children state that divorce rates grew 70 percent in the U.S. from 1970 to 1977. The facts in the long term effects study show that the reality of divorce today is 2 of 5 children will experience divorce before they reach the age of 18, about 25 percent children will spend some time in a step-family, and there are about 1,250,000 divorces per year (D. Matthews). What is known for sure is that divorce affects children. Trust and relationships are affected by parents divorcing.
James, Michael S. "How Much Does Divorce Affect Kids?." abc News. N.p., 8 July 2002.
In America, about one in every two marriages will end in divorce. Around 60% of those divorcing couples have children. (Cherlin, 2012). Half of the marriages in America end in divorce, and more than half of those couples have children, which means that about every other divorce that is filed in America, a child is impacted. Between 850,000 and 950,000 divorces occur each year. (National Center for Health Statistics, CDC., 2014). Given that roughly 60% of those divorcing couples have at least one child, at least 510,000 children are affected a year. Estimates have been done to suggest that in the near future, 70% of divorces could involve children under the age of eighteen. (Block, Block, and Gjerde, 1986). Because of the large number of children in America having broken families, it is important to understand the effects of divorce on children’s' day to day lives so that they may be provided for in a proper and beneficial way.
Oftentimes, parents do not comprehend how much divorce affects their children. A prime example of their misunderstanding was discovered in a British study. The study questioned both parents and children of recent divorces, and it found that children were far more distressed than parents had thought (Zinsmeister 3). A similar survey, done by Professor Jeanne Dise-Lewis, that asked junior high children to rate how stressful they consider certain life events found that only the death of a close family member ranked higher than parental divorce (Zinsmeister 2). Delfos suggests that what children of divorce desire the most is simply for their parents to become partners again, without the conflicts (241, 242).
The movement for workers’ rights became significant during the 19th century due to the formation of labor unions and the concept of collective bargaining. Workers were expected to work according to terms laid out by their employers, which included low pay and long hours. Conditions were harsh and dangerous, and some of the workers were as young as five. However, many workers soon banded together to form labor unions in order to gain better benefits at their workplace. The British Parliament legalized labor unions in 1871 and permitted workers to picket during strikes four years later (Judge 680). Expanding labor unions drastically improved wages and working conditions for employees on both sides of the Atlantic. The U.S. Government would later pass laws that limited work hours, provided safety conditions, regulated pay cycles, and increased consequences for law-breakers later on after 1902 during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (Levy 418). “Muckrakers” also assisted by exploiting the untold ills affecting America in the early 1900s. These untold truths were published in newspaper articles and books. For instance, Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle which depicted the conditions in which meat was processed (Levy 419). Therefore, the industrialization ope...
Divorce has emotional and behavioral problems on children. “Children of divorce display higher levels of depression and anxiety, lower self-esteem, and more frequent use of psychological services (Portnoy).” This causes stress on children in the short-term; however, it has been proven that only 25% of children have long-terms problems due to divorce. Some even compare the side effects of divorce on a child to the same as a child losing a parent. This causes many feelings including sadness, longing, worry, and regret on the children (Rappaport). Continuing into adulthood, higher levels of depression have been found in both women and men
Since children are not mature enough to understand the real reason behind their parents’ divorce, they end up feeling abandoned and stressed. In John W. Santrock’s book, Children, chapter ten briefly discusses the effects of divorce on children and what problems it creates in children’s further stages. Santrock states that children whose parents are divorced show poorer adjustment, have academic problems [both externalized and internalized], have less competent imitate relationships, drop out from school, have low-self esteem and become socially active at an early age (Santrock, 308). Due to divorce, children are often unable to build up a close relationship with one of the parents which cause them to have low self-esteem. At young age, children are dependent on their parents and are closely connected to them, but once their parents are divorced, they get stuck in child custody conflicts. It can be traumatizing for a child to be put into a situation where one has to choose one parent over the other or live with one parent even if one does not want
Jamison, L. (2013, October 7). Effects of divorce on children - Clinical psychology associates of north central Florida. Retrieved from http://cpancf.com/articles_files/efffectsdivorceonchildren.asp